N( 



EEPORT 



OB" 



CHE COMMISSION^ 



CREATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH 



JOINT RESOLUTION OFJJONGRESS, APPROVED MARCH S, iSSl, 



PKOVIMNG FOR THE ERECTION OF A 



MONUMENT AT YORKTOWN, VA., 



COMMEMORATIVE OF 



THE SURRENDER OF LORD CORNWALLIS. 



WASni:N^GTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1883. 



EEPORT 



OP 



THE COMMISSION" 



CRKATEU IN ACCOKDAXCE AYITH 



JOINT RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS, APPROVED MARCH §, 1881, 



PROVlDIXii FOR THE KRECTION OF A 



MONUMENT AT TORKTOWN, VA.. 



COMiMEMORATlVE OF 



THE SURRENDER OF LORD CORNWALLIS. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1883. 



e-'' 



V 



t,\ 



<^ 



.^ 



UN 



IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Verriary 20, 1883. — Referred to the Committee ou Printiiiff aud ordered to be 

printed. 



Mr. Johnston, from the Yorktown Ceiiteuuial Commissiou, submitted 

the following 

]:EP0RT: 

ACTS AND liESOLUTIONS OF CONGRESS PROVIDING FOR THE CENTEN- 
NIAL CELEBRATION OF THE SURRENDER OF LORD CORNWALLIS AT 
YORKTOWN AND THE ERECTION OF A MONUMENT COMMEMORATIVE 
THEREOF. 

AN ACT to carry into eftect the resolution of Congress, adopted on the twenty-ninth 
day of October, seventeen hundred and eighty-one, iu regard to a monumental col- 
umn at Yorktown, Virginia, and for other purposes. 

Whereas, on Monday, the twenty-ninth day of October, seventeen 
hundred and eighty-one, it was resolved "That the United States in Con- 
gress assembled will cause to be erected at York, iu Virginia, a marble 
column, adorned with emblems of the alliance between the United States 
and His Most Christian Majesty, aud inscribed with a succinct narra- 
tive of the surrender of Earl Cornwallis to His Excellency, General 
Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the combined forces of America 
:and France; to His Excellency Count De Eochambeau, commauding the 
auxiliary trooiJS of His Most Christian Majestj^ in America, and His 
Excellency Count De Grasse, commanding-in chief the naval army of 
France iu Chesapeake ; " aud 

Whereas the said resolution of Congress has not yet been carried 
into eftect, although nearly one hundred years have elapsed since it wa.s 
adopted : Therefore, 

Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled. That the sum of one hundred 
thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, be, and the 
<ame is hereby, appropriated, out of anj* money in the Treasury not 
otherwise appropriated, to be expended, nnder the direction of the Sec- 
letary of War, in erecting at Yorktown, in Yirginia, the monument re- 
ferred to in the aforesaid resolution of Congress: Provided, however, 

3 



4 YOKKTOWN CELKBKATION. 

Tbat the luateiial used may l)e such as the Secretary of \\'ar may deem 
most suitable and desirable. 

Sec. 2. That a commission of three j)ersons shall be ap[)ointed by the 
Secretary of War, whose duty it shall be to recommend a suitable de- 
sign for said monument, to prepare a sketcli of emblems of the alliance 
between His Most Christian Majesty and the TTnited States, and a suc- 
cinct narrative of the surrender of Earl Cornwallis, to be inscribed on 
the same, subject to the approval and adoption of the select committee 
of thirteen appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives 
on the nineteenth of December, eighteen hundred and seventy-nine, and 
of thirteen Senators to be appointed by the presiding officer of the Sen- 
ate, to in<iuire into the expediency of a|)propriatiug a suitable sum to 
be expended in erecting at Yorktown, in Virginia, the monument re- 
ferred to. 

Sec. 3. That it shall be the duty of said .joint committee to select the 
site for the location of said monument, to obtain the cession of the same 
from the State of Virginia, and to make all necessary arrangements for 
such a celebration by the American people, of the centennial anniver- 
sary of the battle of Yorktown, on the nineteenth of October, eighteen- 
hundred and eighty-one, as shall befit the historical significance of that 
event, and the present greatness of the nation. 

Sec. 4. That the sum of twenty thousand dollars, or so much thereof 
as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the 
Treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the puri>ose of defraying the 
expenses incurred in the said centennial celebration, and to be disbui-sed 
under the direction of the said joint committee. 

Approved June 7, 1880. 



.JOINT RESOLUTION autlioriziug aud iT(|nestiug the Pie.sideiit to exteud to tlie 
Government and people of France and the family of General La Fayette au invita- 
tion to join tbe Government and people of the United States in the observanee of 
the centennial anniversary of the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Vir- 
ginia. 

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United tStates 
of America in Congress assembled, That the President be, and is hereby, 
authorized and requested to extend to the Government and people of 
France and the family of General La Fayette a cordial invitation to unite 
with the Government and people of the United States, on the nineteenth 
day of October, eighteen hundred and eighty-one, in a fit and appropri- 
ate observance of the centennial annivesary of the surrender of Lord 
Cornwallis at Yorktown. And for the purpose of carrying out the pro- 
visions of this resolution the sum of twenty thousand dollars is heicbv 
appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropri- 
ated, the .same or so much thereof as may be necessary to be expended 
under the direction of the Secretary of State. 

Approved February 18, 1881. 



YORKTOWX CELEBRATION. 5 

JOIN'J' 1\ES0LUTI0N to create a ooiiniiis.siou for the perfonuaui'c of eertaiii duties 
umleu the act of Cougress providing for the erection of a iiioniinieiit at Yorktowu 
an<l the proposed centeuuial celebrjitiou. 

Resolved by the Senate and Rouaeof Eepresentatives of the United States 
of America in Congress assembled, That John W. Johnston, of Virginia; 
E. 11. Rollins, of New Hampshire; Henry L. Dawes, of Massachnsetts ; 
H. B. Anthony, of Rhode Island; W. W. Eaton, of Connecticut; W. A. 
Wallace, of Pennsylvania; Francis Kernan, of New York; T. F. Ran- 
•lolph, of New Jersey; Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware; W, Pinkney 
\Miyte, of Maryland; Mat. W. Ransom, of North Carolina; M. C. But- 
ler, of South Carolina; Benjamin H. Hill, of Georgia; John Goode, of 
A'irginia; Joshua G. Hall, of New Hampshire; George B. Loring, of 
^lassachusetts ; Nelson W. Aldrich, of Rhode Island; Josei)h R. Haw- 
ley, of Connecticut ; Samuel B. Dick, of Pennsylvania : Louis A. Brig- 
ham, of New Jersej'; Nicholas Muller, of New York; Edward L.Martin, 
of Delaware; J.Fred, C. Talbott, of Maryland; Joseph J. Davis, of 
North Carolina ; John S. Richardson, of Soutli Carolina ; and Henry 
Persons, of Georgia, be, and they are hereby, appointed a commission 
with full ]3ower and authority to discharge all the duties and perform 
all the functions which were devolved u])on them as a joint committee 
of thirteen Senators and thirteen Representatives under the act of Con- 
gress approved June seventh, eighteen hundred and eighty, entitled 
''An act to carry into effect the resolution of Congress adopted on the 
twenty-ninth of October, seventeen hundred and eighty-one, in regard 
to a monumental column at Yorktown, Virginia, and for other i>ur- 
poses." 

And the said commission may employ a clerk during the time they 
are engaged in the performance of said duties, whose com])ensation 
shall be at the usual rate of clerks to committees of Congress, and who 
shall be paid out of the contingent fund of the Senate and House of 
Representatives in equal proportions. 

Approved March 3, LS81. 



To the honorable the Senate and House of Representatives : 

The Commission created by your honorable bodies to provide for the 
proper celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of the surrender of 
Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, and to select a site for a monument to 
be erected by the United States in commemoration of that event, re- 
spectfully report as follows: 

That by the act of Congress approved June 7, 1880, a joint committee 
of the two Houses, consisting of one member of each House from each 
of the original thirteen States, was appointed for that imrpose. 
The committee was as follows : 

HoQ. John W. Johnstox, U. S. S., Chairman Yivgiiiia. 

Hou. E. H. KOLLINS, U. S. S New Hampshire. 

Hon. H. L. Dawes, U. S. S Massachusetts. 

Hon. H. B. Anthony, U. S. S Ehode Ishmd. 

Hon. W. W. Eaton, U. S. S Connecticut. 

Hou. Francis Kkknan, U. S. S New York. 

Hon. T. F. Randolph, U. S. S New Jerse5^ 

Hon. W. A. WALL.4.CE, U. S. S. Pennsylvania. 

Hon. T. F. Bayard, U. S. S Delaware. 

Hon. W. P. Whyte, U. S. S Maryland. 

Hon. M. W. Ransom, U. S. S ^ North Carolina. 

Hon. M. C. BUTLKR, U. S. S South Carolina. 

Hon. Benjamin H. Hill, U. S. S Georgia. 

Hon. John Goode, M. C Virginia. 

Hou. Joshua G. Hall, M. C New Hampshire. 

Hou. G. B. LoRiNG, M. C Massachusetts. 

Hon. N. W. Aldrich, M. C Rhode Island. 

Hon. J. R. Hawlky, M. C -. Connecticut. 

Hon. Nicholas Muller, M. C New York. 

Hon. L. A. Brigham, M. C New Jersey. 

Hou. Samuel B. Dick, M. C Pennsylvania. 

Hou. E. L. Martin, M. C Delaware. 

Hon. J. F. C. Talbott, M. C .... '. Maryland. 

Hou. Joseph J. Davis, M. C North Carolina. 

Hon. J. S. Richardson, M. C South Carolina. 

Hon. Henry Persons, M. C Geor<4ia. 

The committee met in Washington on the 14th day of June, 1880, and 
organized. John S. Tucker was iii)pointed clerk and secretary of the 
committee, and William S. Gilman, disbursing agent. 

By a joint resolution of your two Houses, approved March 3, 1881, the 
joint committee was converted into a joint commission, the 2)€rsonnel of 
the organization remaining unchanged. 

This Commission invited Lieut. Col. H. C. Corbin, U. S. A., to act as 
master of ceremonies, and in that capacity Colonel Corbin rendered 

7 



8 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

liieat service to the (Jommissiou iu makiug and carrying out the neces- 
sary arrangements. At the request of the Commission, Lieut. Col. Wm. 
r. (Jraighill, U. S. A., was detailed by the Secretary of War to proceed 
to Yorktown and make the requisite surveys to enable the Commission 
to select a site for the monument, superintend the construction of 
wiiarves, lay out a camp for the reception of the military, and make the 
needed local dispositions for the object proposed. 

This duty Colonel Craighill performed to the entire satisfaction of the 
<'<)! amission. 

It was decided to select as the site of the monument a plat ot ground 
adjoining the village of Yorktown, situated on the bluff overlooking 
the l^ork Eiver, and commanding a magnificent view up and down that. 
x-i\er, and from which the monument when completed will be visible for 
jiiany miles to outgoing and incoming vessels. 

The ground selected was purchased and paid for by the honorable 
Secretary of War, and the Legislature of Virginia, by act of April 22, 
1882, gave its consent to the transfer of the ])roperty to the United 
States, and ceded the necessary jurisdiction over it. 

The title to the property has been approved by the Attorney-General, 
and the conveyance duly made to the United States. 

The Commission, in carrying out the instructions of Congress, deter- 
mined upon a plan of commemorative exercises covering four days at 
Y'orktown. at which the President of the United States and his Cabinet? 
the Senate and House of Representatives, the Justices of the Supreme 
Court, the Members of the Diplomatic Corps, the Governors and Com- 
missioners of States, t^ General of the Army, the Admiral of the 
Navy, the Society of The Cincinnati, and other distinguished guests 
were invited to be present. 

The Governors of the several States appointed the following Commis- 
sioners to represent their respective States : 

COMMISSIONERS APPOINTED BY GOVERNORS OF STATES. 

Hon. P. 'W. Carter Tennessee. 

Maj. S. P. Hamilton Sontli Carolina. 

Hon. MiLO P. Jewett, LL. D Wisconsin. 

Hon. IRVIXG W. Stanton Colorado. 

Capt. .John Milledge Georgia. 

Hon. James W. McDill, U. S. S Iowa. 

Hon. .Jame.s T. Farley, U. S. S California. 

Hon. W. D. Washburn. M. C Minnesota. 

Hon. H. 6. Blasdel Nevada. 

Col. Thomas Snell Illinois. 

Hon. Samuel B. Churchill Kentucky. 

General D. B. Fiiv , Alabama. 

Hon. R. B. Peebles North Carolina. 

Hon. Philo Parsons Michigan. 

General Lewis Perrine New Jersey. 

Hon. James W. Patterson New Hampshire. 

Hon. John A. King New York. 



YORKTOWX CELEBRATIOX. 9 

Dr. A. C. Hamlix Maine. 

Col. M. Glexxax Virginia. 

Hou. James L. D. Morrisox Missouri. 

General J. F. Hartr.^xft Pennsylvania. 

Hon. W. H. English Indiana. 

Hou. E. F. Ware Kausas. 

Hou. R. A. GA-AfBLE Florida. 

General W. H. Bulkele v Connecticut. 

Hou. B. F. Biggs .• Delaware. 

Maj. J. L. Barstow Vermont. 

Rev. J. P. DuHAMEL (acting) Oregon. 

Geueral James R. Chalaiers Mississippi. 

Col. Sol. Lincoln, Jr Massachusetts. 

General H. Rogers Rhode Island. . 

Hou. James D. Walker, U. S. S Arkansas. 

Hon. George W. Thompson West Virginia. 

Judge M. A. Dougherty Ohio. 

Col. H. S. Taylor Maryland. 

Dr. W. J. C. DiHAMEL District of Columbia. 

.In accordance vritli a joint resolution of Congress, approved Febru - 
ary 18. 1881, the President extended to the Grovernment and people of 
France.and the family of General La Fayette a cordial invitation to unite 
with the Cxovernment and people of the United States in the observance 
of our Centennial at Yorktowii. An invitation was also extended to 
the family of Major-General the Baron von Stenbeu. 

These invitations were accepted, and the Centennial ceremonies were 
graced by the presence of a French Commission of many distinguished 
representatives of the French nation and of tlie family of the Marquis 
La Fayette, and by the representatives of the von Steuben family, a list 
of whom is herewith transmitted. 

In making arrangements for a i^roper military and naval display for 
the Centennial, the Commission received great assistance from the Sec- 
retary of War, Hon. Robert T. Lincoln, and the Secretary of the Xavy, 
Hon. William H. Hunt. 

The Secretary of War and the General of the Army did all in their 
power to render the military arrangements complete. For this purpose 
tents and camp equipage were issued for an encampment sufficient to 
accommodate the troops expected, and every assistance rendered that 
was authorized by law. At the proper time all the Fuited States troops 
that could be spared from garrison duty were assembled at Yorktowu 
for the purpose of taking part in the military exercises of the occasion. 

The Secretary of the Xavy and the Admiral of the Xavy were equally 
active in making the necessary preparations for the co-operation of the 
!!^avy. The Xorth Atlantic Squadron, under Eear- Admiral E. H. Wy- 
man, was ordered to Yorktown for the i)urpose, and. in addition, the train- 
ing ships and all other available vessels. 

A detailed account of the naval operations has been prepared, at the 
request of the Commission, by the Xavy Dei>artment, and is submitted 
herewith. 



10 YOKKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

The Commission Avas of opinion that, in order to insure tlie success 
of the military features of the celebration, the command of the Govern- 
ment and State troops that Avere expected to participate should be com- 
mitted to a general oflicer of the United States Army of high rank and 
reputation, and therefore requested the Secretary of War to select such 
an officer for that purpose. In compliance with this request, the Sec- 
retary of War designated Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock, U. S. 
A., to take command of the troops and direct all military movements 
in connection with the celebration. General Hancock immediately 
eut^ed upon this duty with great zeal, and, assisted by his able and 
eneietic staff, made every disposition for the encampment and comfort 
of tne troops. 

Although obliged to contend with great difficulties, owing to the 
distance of Yorktown from the trunk lines of travel, he perfected 
arrangements for the accommodation of 20,000 men, including the United 
States and state forces, and a large body of U. S. veterans, Knights 
Templar and other Masonic bodies. 

General Hancock, with his staff, took up his headquarters at York- 
town, and remained there during the celebration. To the zeal and 
ability displayed by him in all these matters, the great success of the 
military display is largely due. 

The Commission desire particularly to recognize the services of Lieut. 
Col. Wm. P. Craighill, United States Engineer Corps, who was for 
months engaged at Yorktown in making arrangements for the safe and 
convenient landing of visitors, the laying out of the encampment, the 
preparation of the grounds for the military exercises, the laying of the 
corner-stone of the monument, and the construction of the buildings and 
other structures for the comfort and convenience of those who were to 
participate in the Centennial ceremonies. His efforts were untiring, and 
all his dispositions were made with judgment, skill, and economy. The 
report of Colonel Craighill is herewith submitted. 

The services of Lieut. Col. H. C. Corbin, Assistant Adjutant-General, 
United States Army, were also of great value to the Commission. He 
was engaged for some time i)rior to the celebration in correspondence 
with the various military- and other organizations, making a roster of 
those who notified their intention to be present, arranging for trans- 
portation, and imi)arting desired information. The buildings used 
during the Centennial exercises were furnished and decorated under 
his supervision. As master of ceremonies he had charge of the details 
of the celebration and the execution of the programme, and assisted 
the Commission in the entertainment of the guests. 

In selecting a site for the monument the Commission found it neces- 
sary to have a survey made of Yorktown and its surroundings. Gen- 
eral Tidball, commanding at Fortress Monroe in the absence of Gen- 
eral Getty, kindly offered to have the survey made under the super- 
vision of the officers of the Artillery School at that place. His offer 



YOKKTOWN CELEBRATION. 11 

was accepted, the survey made, and a very accurate map of Yorktowu^ 
showing the lines occupied in 1781 by the hostile armies, was prepared 
from this survey by Lieut. L. ^". Caziarc, U. S. A., for the use of the 
Commission. 

THE MONUMENT. 

In pursuance of section 2 of the act of June 7, 1880, the Secretary 
of War appointed E. M.'Huut, esq., of New York, J. Q. A. Ward, esq., 
of New York, and Henry Van Brunt, esq., of Boston, a commission of 
artists to recommend a suitable design for the monument. 

This commission submitted a very appropriate design, which, after 
some slight modifications, was approved by the Congressional Commis- 
sion, and the monument will be erected in accordance therewith under 
the direction of the Secretary of War, who has assigned Lieut. Col. 
William P. Craighill, U. S. A., to superintend its construction. 

The following extract from the report of the- commission of artists 
conveys the emblematic significance of the monument: 

Froui the point of view of sentiment, this monument is intended to convey, in 
arcliitectnral language, the idea, set forth in the dedicatory inscription, that, by the 
victory at Yorktown, the independence of the Uniitd States of America was achieved, or 
brought to final accomplishment. 

The four sides of the base contain, first, an inscription dedicating the monument 
as a memorial of the victory ; second, an inscription presenting a succinct narrative 
of the siege, prepared in accordance with the original archives in the Department of 
State ; third, the treaty of alliance with the King of France; and, fourth, the treaty 
of peace with the King of England. In the pediments over these four sides, respect- 
ively, are presented, carved in relief, first, emblems of nationality ; second, emblems 
of war ; third, emblems of the alliance ; and, fourth, emblems of peace. 

The base is thus devoted to the historical statement ; it explains the subsequent 
incidents of the monumental composition, which are intended solely to appeal to the 
imagination. The immediate result of the historical events written upon the biise 
was the happy establishment of a national union of thirteen youthful, free, and in- 
dependent States. To celebrate this joyful union the sculptor has represented upon 
the circular podium, which arises from the base, a solemn dance of thirteen typical 
female figures, hand-in-hand, encircling the drum, which bears upon a belt beueatb 
their feet the word " One connti-i/, one con»tituiion, one destiny." It is a symbol of the 
birth of freedom. 

The column which springs from this podium may be accepted as the symbol of the 
greatness and prosperity of the nation aft^ a century of various experience, when 
thirty-eight free and independent States are shining together in mighty constellation. 
It is the triuinphant sign of the fulrilment of tbe promise — an expression of the 
strength and beaut^' of the Union : but the powerful nation does not forget the re- 
mote beginning of its jjrosperity, and, in the midst of its shining stars, bears aloft 
the shield of Yorktown covering the branch of peace. 

As the existence of the nation is a proof of the possibility of a government of the 
people by the people for the people, the colnmu, thus adorned, culminates with Lib- 
erty herself, star-crowned, and welcoming the people of all nations to share equally 
with us the fruits of our peace and prosperity. 



12 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

The inscriptions on the base of the monument are to be as follows : 

NOKTU SIDE. 

liiocted 

In piirsiiauce of 

A KesolutioiJ ()rCongres8 adopted October ^'J, 1781. 

And Hii Act ofCou<5re8s approved June 7, 1880, 

To connnemorate the "N'ictory 

By which 

The IndciK'ndcMice of the United States of America 

Was acliieved. 

SOlXn SIDE. 

At York on October 19, 1781, 

After a Siege of nineteen Days, 

By 5,.'300 American and 7,000 French Troops of the Line, 

3,500 Virginia Militia under command of General Thomas Nelson, 

And :?6 Freucb Ships of War. 

Earl CORNWALLis, 

Comn.aiuler (if the British Forces at Y'ork and Gloucester, 

Surrendered His Army. 

7,251 Otliccrs and Men, 840 Seamen, 244 Cannon, and 24 Standards, 

To His Excellency George Washington, 

Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Forces of America and France, 

To His Excellency the Comte De Eochambeau, 

Commanding tbe Auxiliary Troops of His Most Christian Majesty in America, 

And to His Excellency the Comte Dk Grasse, 

Commanding-iu-Cbicf the Naval Army of France in Chesapeake. 

west side. 

Tbe Treaty 

Concluded February (i, 1778, 

Between the United States of America 

And Louis XVI, King of France, 

Declares 

The Essential and Direct End 

Of the pi^esent Defensive Alliance 

Is to Maintain Elfectually 

Tbe Liberty, Sovereignty, and Independence, 

Absolute and Unlimited, 

Of the said United States 

As' well in Matters of Government as of Commerce. 

EAST SIDE. 

The I'rovisional Articles of Peace, 

Concluded November 30, 1782, 

And the Definitive Treaty of Peace, 

Concluded September 3, 1783, 

Between the United States of America 

And George HI, King of Great Britain nnd Ireland, 

Declare 

His Britannic Majesty Acknowledges tbe said United States 

\'iz: New Hampsbire, Massachusetts Bay, Rbod(^ Island 

And Providence Plantations, Connecticut, N(>\v York, 

New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, 

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, 

South Carolina, and Georgia, 

To be Free, Sovereign, and Independent States. 




THE YORKTOWN MONUMENT. 



YORKTOWN CELE15KATI0N. 13 



THE CENTENXIAL EXEKCISES. 

The order of exercises originally adopted by tbe Coiiiuiission embraced 
four days, begiuniiig October 18, 1881. They included, on the first day, 
the laying of the corner stone of the monument with masonic ceremo- 
nies, an addresss of welcome by the governor of Virginia, and intro- 
ductory remarks by the chairman of the Commission ; on the second 
day, October 19, the anniversary of the surrender, an address by the 
President of the United States, a Centennial oration, poem, and ode ; 
on the third day, October 20, a grand military parade and review ; and 
«»n tlie fourth day, October 21, a grand naval drill and review. 

In selecting a Centennial orator, yoiu- Commissioners desired to choose 
one whose character and abilities would insure an address commensur- 
ate with the occasion, and they unanimously concurre<l in requesting 
the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, to deliver the oration. 

Mr. Winthrop consented to comply with their request, and the man- 
ner in which he discharged the trust is the best evidence of the wisdom 
of their choice. They have obtained from Mr. Winthrop a copy of his 
oration, and it is herewith transmitted to Congress as a part of this re- 
port, in order that the eloquent utterances of the distinguished orator 
may be transmitted to posterity with the history of the occasion that 
called them forth. 

The Commission invited James Barron Hope, esq., of Virginia, to de. 
liver the Centennial poem, and he complied in an epic poem of great 
power and beauty. Paul H. Hayne, esq., of South Carolina, was se- 
lected to write the ode for the occasion, and responded in a most appro 
priate invocation. 

Mr. Hope's poem and Mr. Hayne'sode have been furnished at tbe re- 
quest of the Commission, and are herewith submitted as part of this 
report. 

The Rev. Robert Xelson, D. D., of Virginia, grandson of Thomas ]S?el- 
son, governor of Virginia, who commanded the militia of that State at 
the siege of Yorktown, was invited to open the exercises of the firstday? 
and the Rev. William L. Harris, D. D., LL. D., of ]!^ew York, bishop 
of the Methodist Episcopal Chnrch, those of the second day, with 
prayer. 

In accordance with the programme adopted by the Commission, the 
guests of the United States assembled at Washington, on Monday, 
October 17. 1881, and proceeded thence with the National and State 
officials to Yorktown, on steamers provided by the Government. 

On their arrival at Yorktown, on Tuesday, the 18th, they were re- 
ceived by his excellency F. W. M. Holliday, governor of Virginia, in 
La Fayette Hall. 

The order of exercises was as follows : 



14 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 



ORDER OF EXERCISES. 

'J'tesdav, October 18. 

10 A. M. 

OUT-DOOK CONCERT,^ 

AT (;RAN1> stand, monument site, by IHE THIRD UNITED STATES ARTILUERY 
BAND, WILLIAM IHNENFELDT, LEADER. 

1 . Overture—" .Folly Robbers " Suppe. 

M. Duetto — " II Masnadieri " Verdi. 

3. Selection — Barbe Bleu Offenbach. 

4. Musical Melange—" This and That " Boettger. 

h. Selection — Huf^uenots Meyerbeer. 

6. Introduction — Norma Bellini. 

7. Overture — Nabucco Ferdi. 

5. Selection — "A Night in Granada "' Kreutzer 

9. Waltz — " Les Sirenes " Waldtenfel. 

10. f4RAND National Medley Potj'ourri Heinieke. 

AT military camp, BY NORTH CAROLINA SI ATE BAND, W. II. NEAVE, DIRECTOR. 

1. On'erture — " Christian Reid "' Neave. 

2. Waltzes — " Bine Danube " Strauss. 

3. Polonaise on Fifth Air De Beriol. 

4. Selection of Popular Airs. 

i"). S|':lection — " Barber of Seville " Jiossini. 

fi. Polka Ma/.urk.vs J ?• " {l^'^-'T " •• ^?^"''-^- 

I b. " Coliseum Faust. 

7. Si:lection — '' Lnrline " Wallace. 

■ tf. Quick March — " Fire of Youth " Neave. 

0. Hallelujah Chorus Handel. 

i a. God Saa'e Our President FitOM Harm Millard. 

10. b. Washington's Grand March 

( c. Old North State Gaston. 



11 A. M. 

RECEl'TION BY THE GOVERNOR OF VIRGINIA. 

At La Fayette Hall, 

or ihi" President and his Cabinet, the Guests of the Nation, the Diplomatic Corps, the 

Congressional Commission, the Governors and Commissioners 

of the States, and The Soeiety of The Cincinnati. 

At 11 a. ra. the masonic procession Ibruied in the following order and 
proceeded to tlie site of the monuinent : 

IHE MASOyiC rJiOCEiSSJOX. 

M. W. Robert Enoch Withers, P. G. M., Grand Marshal. 

Tiler, with Drawn Sword. 

Other Tilers of Subordinate Lodges, six abreast, with Drawn Swords. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 15 



Two Stewards with White Rods. 
Master Masons, six abreast. 
Junior Deacons, six abreast. 
Senior Deacons, six abreast. 
Secretaries, six abreast. 
Treasurers, six abreast. 
Visiting Brethren from otlier Grand Jurisdictions in charge of the Committee on As- 
signment of Quarters. 

ESCORT. 

Grand Commandery of Virginia and its Subordinates. 

Grand Commanderies of other States and their Subordinates. 

Worshipful James M. Taylor, Grand Tiler, with Drawn Sword, and 

Brother James E. Riddick, Grand Pursuivant. 

Junior Wardens, six abreast. 

Senior Wardens, six abreast. 

Past Masters, six abreast. 

Present Masters, six abreast. 

District Deputy Grand Masters, six abreast. 

Medical Staff. 

Golden Vessel with Corn, by tlie Most Worshipful Samuel C. Lawrence, Grand Master 

of Massachiisetts. 

Square, Level, and PlumI), by the Most Worshipful (Jraud Masters Horace S. Taylor 

of New York, John S. Tyson, of Maryland, and Samuel B. Dick, 

^ of Pennsylvania. 

The Golden Vessels, with Wine and Oil, by Most Worshipful Grand Masters Henry F. 

Grainger, of North Carolina, and Thomas Vincent, of Rhode Island. 
Right Worshipful Oscar M. Marshall, Grand Treasurer, and Right Worshipful W. 

Byran Isaacs, Grand Secretary. 
Tuscan and Composit Orders of Architecture, by the Worshipful Masters of Lodges 

Nos. 19 and 18, of Virginia. 
Doric. Ionic, and Corinthian Orders, by the Worshipful Masters of Lodges Nos. 15, 14, 

and IH, of Virginia. 

One Large Light, by the Worshipful Master of Lodge No. 10, of Virginia. 

Holy Bible, Square, and Compass, by the Worshipful Master of Lodge 

No. 5, of Virginia. 

Two Large Lights, by the Worshipful Masters of Lodges Nos. 4 and 3, of Virginia. 

Grand Masters of States other than of the Thirteen Original States, in charge of the 

Committee on Reception. 

Right Worshipful Reubeu Murrel Page, Deputy Grand Master, 

accompanied by the Most Woi'shipful Grand Masters of States of South 

Carolina. Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Delaware. 

Grand Chaplain, Right Worshipful A. Poe Boude, j). t. 

Grand Orat(n-, Most V.'orshipfnl Beverley K. Wellford, Jr., Past Grand Master. 



16 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

Most Worshipful William 15. Taliaferro, Grand Senior Wartleu, p. t., and Right Wor- 
shipful Henry W. Murray, Grand Junior Warden. 
Book of Constitutions, by the Worshipful Master of Lodge No. 1. 
Right Worshipful F. H. Hill, Grand Senior Deacon, and 
Right Worshipful W. F. Drinkard, Grand Junior Deacon, on the right 

and left of Most Worshipful Peyton S. Coles, Grand Master, 

Wearing the Sash and Apron pre.sented to Brother Geoi-ge Washington 

by Brother La Fayette. 

Two Stewards with white Rods. 

Grand Sword-bearer, with Drawn Sword. 



At 12 o'clock uooii, the exercises were opened b^^ Hon. John W. 
Johnston, Chairman of the Cong-ressional Commission, and proceeded 
in the following order : 

PRAYER, BY REV. ROBERT NELSON, D. D., 

(Grandson of Governor Thomas Nelson, Avho commanded the militia of Virginia at 

the siege of Yorktown.) 

Almighty God, Creator and Supreme Ruler of mankind, we beseech 
Thee, look with favor on Thy people here assembled, who now offer 
thanks and praise to Thee for a hundred years of blessing to our fathers 
and to us. 

We adore Thee for Thy guiding hand and fostering care extended to 
our fathers in their time of need, for the courage, strength, and wisdom 
given them to bring to a ha])py end their eftbrts to found and defend 
this nation. » 

We praise Thee, Lord of Hosts, that in the infancy and weakness of 
our j)eople, Thou didst raise up to them Washington — as Moses to Tliy 
ancient Israel — to be their leader. 

We praise Thee, that Thou i)rovidedst for him helpers, wise in coun- 
cil and valiant in the field ; and that, when they were still unequal to 
the foe, Thou didst bring them friends from far — whose representatives 
are here to-day — and make the winds and waves to fight for them, as, of 
old, by Thy good Providence, "the stars fought against Sisera" and 
on Thy peoples' side. 

And now. Cxod of our fathers, we worship Thee and magnify Thy 
name for that Thou hast made us a great nation — multiplying our peo- 
ple mightily, and stretching out our borders to the great sea westward, 
and hast given us such favor in the eyes of other nations that our coun- 
try's sorrow has been to them as their own. 

Forbid it, Lord, that we should be lifted up with j)ride and say " our 
wisdom and might have done all this for us," lest Thou, in whose sight 
the nations are as nothing, who puttestdown one and settestup anotherat 
Thy will, shouldst take from us our place and give it unto others. Help 
us to take warning from Thy judgments heretofore sent on us in war 



YOEKTOWW CELEBRATION. 17 

and i)estileiic(> and our lu'ie sad bereavement, and remember that ThoUy 
Lord, rulest in the armies of heaven and among the inhabitants of the 
earth. 

We give Thee hearty tlianks, our gracious God, that by Thy blessing 
our country is at i)eace with all the world, and, especially, we thank 
Thee, that our kindred i)eoi)le, with whom, a hundred years ago, our 
fathers were at war, are now our cordial friends. 

Give grace to Christian rulers that they may learn from the good re- 
sults of the arbitration at Geneva and of the congress at Berlin that it 
is both i)ossible and wiser far, as well as more becoming men, to settle 
their disputes around the council board of peace than on the bloody 
field of war. Grant that the growing intercourse among the nations of 
the earth may increase good will among men as children of one family 
and brethren of one blood. 

Grant that the dissensions — sectional and partisan — whicli Itave rent 
our country and divided our people in the past nuiy not again disturb 
us, and that this reunion at the birthplace of our country's life may be 
the earnest of better things to come. 

Help us to pledge our faith each to the other here before Thee, God 
of our fathers, and in grateful memory of them and- of their faithful 
friends, that we will henceforth strive to live truly to thy honor and our 
country's good. 

We beseech Thee, mercifully to forgive us all our sins, national and 
individual, for Christ, our Savior's sake. Deliver us from dishonesty 
and wrong, from violence and murder, from impurity and drunkenness. 
May we keep even before us Thy holy law, as the only true standard of 
right living, in all our doings, i)ersonal, family, and public. 

BlesiB, Lord, Thy church throughout this land, and grant that the 
comfortable gospel of Christ may be truly preached, truly received, and 
truly followed in all i>laces, to the breaking down of sin and Satan. 
Give, we beseech Thee, to the powers that be among us such grace and 
wisdom that both they themselves may be exami)les of purity, integrity^ 
and truth, and that, remembering their accountability to Thee, they may 
truly and impartially administer justice to the punishment of wicked- 
ness and vice, and to the maintenance of Thy true religion and virtue,. 
and that all vexed questions, whether Indian, Moruion, Chinese, or 
aught else foreboding trouble to our land, may be so ordered and set- 
tled by their endeavors on the best and surest foundations, that peace 
and happiness, truth and Justice, religion and piety, may be established 
among us for all generations. 

These blessings we humbly beg, through Jesus Christ, our Lord, and^ 
in the prayer He taught us, would unite our hearts and voices, and say t 
" Our Father wliich art in heaven. Hallowed be Thy wame. Thj' king- 
dom come. Thy will be done in earth as it is in heav^en. Give us this- 
day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts as we forgive our debt- 
ors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil : For 
Thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever. Amen.'' 
S. Rep. 1003 2 



18 YORKTOWN CELEBRA'ilON. 

The Star Spaugled Baimer, 

^Siiug by three hundred voices, imder the leadership of Prof. Charles L. Seigel, of 

Kichmoud, Va. The aocompaiiiiuent by the United States Marine Band. 

Salute to the flag. 

At its coiichusioii the United States tlag was unfurled and saluted 
by the land batteries and war vessels in the harbor. 



ADDRESS OF WELCOME, 
By His Excellency F. W. M. Holliday, Governor of Virginia. 

This vast a.ssejnbly has met to witness the fullihnent of the republic's 
promise. 

A century ago the spot where we are now gathered was the scene of 
an event which introduced the colonies into the family of nations. 

Feebng- assured that their Declaration of Independence had been 
verified, and their career as a power had begun, they resolved to build, 
here a monument to testify their gratitude for signal services and de- 
voted patriotism, and proclaim their high purposes to all after times. 

The war had been long and bloody. Fortune had for yeiirs alter- 
nately smiled and frowned. Kow, a victory gained after weary delay 
and suffering, the result of plans deeply laid and vigorously prosecuted, 
•or snatched by the sturdy genius of a people determined to be free, 
inspired the whole land with hope and enthusiasm. And now a defeat, 
coming when the armies felt that they were marching to a victory 
almost won, or falling upon them suddenly as a severe and unexpected 
calamity, cast a gloom which seemed to obscure the vision of freedom, 
which had been their pole-star from the beginning. 

But when the ships of our great ally spread their sails in the beauti- 
ful waters toward which we are now looking, and her brilliant troops 
: stood shoidder to shoulder with the war-worn and battle-scarred men 
who had marched and fought and grown old in their country's service, 
and when by their united will the blow was struck whose one hundredth 
anniversary we this day celebrate, then the colonies were sure the w^ork 
was done, and they stepped forth in full armor among the nations of 
the earth. 

Yet neither America, nor France, nor England had any adequate idea 
of the event and its marvelous influences. Each felt, I doubt not, that 
the final battle had been fought, and the war ended. Each was satisfied 
rthat the colonies had wrested themselves from the parent country, and 
that the British empire had lost its supremacy here. All were con- 
vinced that a young and hardy people had started, as it were, at mid- 
Hoon, with the garnered lessons of centuries of national life abroad, to 
<erect upon the virgin soil of a new continent institutions of novel mean- 



YORKTOVVN CELEBRATION. 19 

ing, and to sufler an experience which had never been tested before. 
But none knew or dared to think of how the inspiration of its genius 
was to penetrate the sealed contines of the civilizations of Europe, and 
to stir them with strange and resistless forces, or of how the throbbings 
of its life were to fill the people with an unheard of vitality, and its 
growth outstrip anything hitherto known in the world's history. 

By a blessed i^rovidence tliis vitality and growth have not been fed 
by conquest nor decked with the trophies of the subjugated, nor the 
civilization they inspire been proclaimed by the exhibition of spoils 
snatched from those who had gone down before its remorseless arms. 
It has made here a home for the exile whose fortunes in his native land 
have been clouded by life's vicissitudes; it is a refuge from those older 
countries whose population has pressed upon the means of subsistence; 
it is an asylum to which the aftiicted everywhere come and find i)leuty 
and peace. From the time when its banner was lifted above the smoke 
of battle and planted on this site it has been subject to constant inva- 
sion. Year after year during the century just gone tide after tide of 
population has been thrown upon its soil. But they came not to devas- 
tate or destroy, not to lay waste by tiro and sword, not with the spirit 
of the Roman, the Teuton, or the jSTorman — they came and still come, 
the best fruits of other civilizations, to enlarge the capabilities and 
swell the current of the Republic's life. 

To this history has no parallel. The people who settled along the 
Atlantic, diftering from each other in their traits, were yet, through 
those differences, alike in manly vigor and high resolve. Animated by 
various motives in leaving the places of their nativity to come to a wild 
and broken wilderness, but with none that were not heroic and worthy 
the founders of an empire; of different religious faith, of different pur- 
suits, of different nationalities, of different training, of different modes 
of thought, of different races, yet all with that subtle bond of sympathy 
which made them feel as one, and molded them into a race tit to take 
charge of the destinies of a continent. 

I would not overrate nor underrate these men. Time enough has 
gone for the mists of prejudice to have drifted away from their impos- 
ing figures. We can now regard them and study their words and works 
as if they belonged to another race and country, and, forgetting an- 
cestral relations, consider them simply as historic characters. And 
whether you look upon them as individuals discharging the every day 
duties of private life, as soldiers meeting the responsibilities of their 
calling upon the march, in camp or on the field of arms, or as moving in 
the loftier arena and filling the higher and more difficult role of states- 
manship, they have never been surpassed in any age, ancient or modern. 
Whatever they do or whatever they say is done and said with the 
gravity and strength of men acting in matters of serious import, and 
with an intellectual grasp and manly heroism worthy of themselves. 

And yet we must not forget the period in which they lived and acted, 
and their happy surroundings, and how much they were indebted to 



20 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

both. They were in a new country of boundless extent and resources, 
and around them no malign influences. The decisive battles in church 
and state — in religion and politics — liad been fought in Great Britain 
and on the (3ontinent., and thosi3 fundamental ideas, which they ac- 
cepted as intuitive and primary, were the results of many centuries of 
fierce, bloody, and relentless war. These were the outgrowth of years 
of saddest experience, and our fathers found them ready to their hand, 
and were Avise enough to use them. 

Their declarations and bills of rights were not original with tliem. 
The contests which their ancestors beyond the sea waged with their 
rulers evolved the i)rinciples which these declarations and bills avow, 
and which they made the corner-stones of the institutions we now enjoy. 
Keligion had already passed through the furnace heated seven-fold by 
passion, and had vindicated its true position in the conscience and in 
society. Politics had been struggling through historic titne in the 
thoughts of the profoundest thinkers and in the experience of men to 
find some landing place in which the power of the government and the 
liberty of the individual might find rest and harmonize. The results 
■were before them, and whether in the council or the field they felt by 
the very necessity of the case in their fight with centralized power the 
value of those principles which had been wrought out in their father- 
land in both church and state. There was no hour from Lexington to 
Yorktown that the importance of individual effort was not appreciated, 
whether hurrying together with their rifles from their humble hom<is to 
strike a blow like that at King's Mountain, or in the resolutions of Con- 
gress in vindication of their cause, so full of practical sense and i)rofound 
wisdom, so comprehensive in tfaeir bearing, and so in accord with the 
l>eople's present hai)piness and future growth, so far-reaching in their 
import and involving such vast consequences to the race, that they 
seem to rise above ordinary discussion, and sound like the utterances 
of heroes " in the parliament of man, the ft deration of the world." 

Thus, in the recognition of these principles, their studies, their ex- 
perience as colonists, and the hardships they endured in their struggle for 
independence taught them the value of individual effort, and resulted in 
the formation of a pronounced individual character that has never been 
surpassed. Not forgetful of the necessity of government, nor of those 
bonds into which they were born, and which by the laws of their being 
made them citizens of the state, they yet broke away from those tra- 
ditional errors, which announced its absolute and despot«ic supremacy. 
No ijeople ever acknowledged the authority of government and its right- 
fulness with more cheerful and willing submission, providetl its true 
place arid power were assigned it in the hunum economy. They looked 
upon it not as an indei)endent power existing by virtue of Sume ii'herent 
majesty issuing decrees, as by right divine and without symjiathy with 
its subjects, nor yet as a mere agent in the hands of members to execute 
their own will for selfish purposes, regardless of the feelings and inter- 
ests of those upon whom it is executed, not as a power, distinct and 



YOKKTOWN CELEBRATION. 21 

antagonistic, but rather as the medium for the expression of popular 
will, so organized by proper checks as to aflford protection to the individ- 
ual whilst he was working out his own destiny, preventing its use for 
evil purposes, and coin])elling it to perform its proper functions by its 
own normal operations. 

The consequence was, that the government represented not solely the 
organized strength of the comnmnity : It represented the virtues and 
excellencies and progress of the individuals and of the society which 
they composed. Imposing no restrain, upon the individual's efforts in 
any department of growth, and protecting him whilst he was putting 
forth his energies and enjoying the fruits of their exercise, each became 
the complement of the other, and presented the solution of the problem 
long sought for, but hitherto unfound, of the harmonious union of alle- 
giance and protection. 

I*fothing like this in its extent and proportions has been given us be- 
fore. Republics we have had, and democracies, and representative gov- 
ernments ; but never before, in ancient or modern times, has universal 
suffrage prevailed as it does here over such an area of country, in full 
recognition of the rights of each and every citizen, whilst there is also 
equal recognition of the supremacy of the gov^ernment which the suf- 
frage makes, and by which it is at the same time controlled. 

This is the wonder of this age of wonders. Thousands and hundreds 
of thousands are constantly meeting in city and country, from far and 
near. ^No armed men are with them to command the peace. The ge- 
nius of law is ever present, reigning with quiet but resistless energy. 
See this immense throng, come together from every part of the land, 
animated by one impulse and inspired by one sentiment. No force is 
needed here ; but the spirit of order, which elsewhere has found its 
throne in organized force, here dwells in each and every heart, and rules 
with imperial sway. This monument will proclaim to the future gener- 
ations the surrender of force, and.the trinmph of law ; and as it lifts it- 
self so proudly by this gently flowing river, to mark a spot so famed, will 
speak in its own structure with more than mortal eloquence of how so 
many States and interests have been blended into one by the magic of 
the Republic's life. 

Our fathers were thus ready to enter upon a contest with nature's ele- 
ments. The capacities of the people were evoked and centralized in 
their government. A continent was their habitation, embracing every 
variety of soil, and climate, and production, with immense rivers and 
mountains to be spanned and tunneled, which had never been navi- 
gated or explored by civilized men. Savages held possession of them, 
and the wilderness thrust itself up to their very doors. Nature often has 
been too powerful for man, and has held him in check, or subjection, by 
the obstacles it has presented to his progress or by the terrors with 
which it has peopled its mysterious domain. Immense regions of the 
aerth yet lie unexplored, or, if penetrated by a few courageous spirits, 
only to show how vast are the forces which yet defy subjugation. 



22 YORKTOWN CELKF.RATION. 

ISTot SO with the men whose fame we this day celebrate. Little colo- 
nies stretched along the Atlantic, between the mountain and the sea, 
after they had conquered their freedom and made for themselves peace- 
ful homes, the habituations of leligion and law, after they had thrown 
over them the jBgis of an independent government, they then went forth 
to bring a continent under their dominion. 

And those very forces which by tlie ignorant are regarded as monsters 
of " frightful mien," by the agencies of science and art were reduced to 
thraldom and made the ministers of still further conquests. The men 
of whom we speak, and whose deeds we now recall, were many of them 
not only skilled in the mysteries of the schools and abreast of their age 
in whatever had been gathered in the domain of knowledge — for they 
had been educated in tbe most renowned institutions of learning — but 
among them were discoverers and inventors whose fame has become 
world-wide. And in the generations that have gone since then, the in- 
dividuality and responsibility, which as we have seen were born with 
the Republic, have produced an activity nowhere more manifest or po- 
tent, which, grappling with the elements, has wielded them with Titanic 
strength. The proportions of the continent have been reduced into 
symmetry, audits boundless resources have bee?i made to pay tribute not 
only for the advancement of the people in those comforts which refine 
and elevate, and make up the definition of civilized, but which go to 
swell a nation's greatness and mark its chiefest glory. 

The invitation had gone forth for all peoples to come and enjoy with 
them this great heritage. It mattered not much whence or in what 
numbers they came, the Republic, grown and growing still so strong by 
such healthy courses, could digest and assimilate them. It was of little 
concern what were their views on religion or politics ; the life of the Re- 
l)ublic was stronger than theirs. Religion was free ; politics was free ; 
the discussion of both was free. However much the integrity of either 
was assailed, by reason of their inherent virtue both survived. All 
nationalities mingled in the commou tide. Old creeds, old prejudices, 
old beliefs, old convictions, traditions hoary with age ; the monarchist^ 
the democrat, the republican, the catholic of every order, the ])rotes- 
tant of every hue; all religions, all modes of political and philosophic 
thought were thrown into the rushing torrent, but they only gave vigor 
and directness to its resistless flow. Whatever their variances a gen- 
eration only is required to bring them into harmonious assimilation. 
The mighty tide rolls on — Americans all — as the inscription on this 
monument will declare, with " one country, one constitution, one des- 
tiny ; " about them a continent with the wealth of a Promised Land ; above 
them the stars looking down propitiously from their far-otf habitations, 
as they looked down in the oldeu times upon their fathers ; from every fi.re- 
side in their midst and from every country where God's name is known 
and honored, daily prayers for this last and noblest blessing to man- 
kind. 

Wiio (iiin fully appreciate its magnitude or its extended influence? 



YORKTOWM CELEBRATION. 23 

Hitherto, by reason of the peculiar social and governmental organiza- 
tion only a portion, and often a very small portion, of the people have 
been heard in history. The real and entire power of a nation was 
rarely if ever evoked. Classes or castes divided the community into^ 
segments. Oue or more of these segments always spoke alone or led in 
public affairs. Now and here the various pursuits and professions and 
callings constitute one whole, and, in the movements of the mass, are 
ever shifting and commingling. No position is so high that it may not 
one day be low, and none so humble that it may not be represented in 
the high places of the Republic. 

But truth and right are sempiternal and change not. Men come and 
go, but they survive. And when the "volume of their book" is open, 
freely to be read, the generations they pass gather on their way and 
transmit to each succeeding a larger measure of their precious treasures. 
Thus it is that the common reason of humanity, of more value than the 
philosophy of the schools, fixes in its experience the standards of the 
race. 

Who can tell what those standards will be with us? One experiment 
has not yet been fully tried. A century is but a span in a nation's life- 
time. In the freedom and activity which prevail, working amid such 
diverse materials, molding graduall^Muto shape a composite civilization^ 
let us pray that its features may conform to those immortal principles. 
Every day, almost every hour, brings some new discovery or invention^ 
enlarging the bounds of that civilization, making the waste places to- 
bloom, and expanding the sphere of human effort. The vexed question 
will now be decided whether the scholar, philosopher, and statesman 
are the leaders in the progress of humanity, or whether they but give 
expression to the common instincts and reason of the race whose uni- 
versal mind and heart, attuned to discover the true and right, are the.- 
first to proclaim and the last to defend them. 

We will at least cherish the hope that order, which is of the essence 
of truth and right, will be profoundly imi>ressed upon their seekers, 
and find an abiding dwelling place in every heart. The Union will not 
then be a simple term, but a word without the use of which no future 
aspirations can be written. Patriotism will then be not an empty sound, 
but a grand symphony made up of all the notes of our daily being, 
which, as it rings out our country's fate, alike proclaims our own. 

We will guard it with that eternal vigilance which was its price* 
Our material strength is such that we can essay the world in arms.. 
Nor have we the dangers to apprehend which spring up between the 
people and their rulers, for the people rule. Our chief — it may be our 
only — fear is those internal feuds to which ignorance, passion, and prej- 
udice prompt. But even here our experience gives us hope. When an* 
issue comes, whatever may be the honest or sinister purposes of those: 
who agitate, it is by their own profession a struggle through govern- 
mental forms for the high aims and purposes for which the government 
stands. Sober second-thought in the end comes, when time has tested' 



24 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

tlie iutegrity or the wisdom of the professed reformers aud the worth of 
their work. 

A short time ago the country was torn by discord, aud civil war 
strode through the laud with a fierceness rarely equaled. When the 
£ght was over the sword was sheathed, the battle-flag was furled, the 
wrecks of dismantled and shattered homes were gathered up — some- 
times with tears; sometimes with "thoughts too deep for tears"; tra- 
ditions and associations that were interwoven through the govern- 
mental and social fabric — and, though they had caused dissensions on 
either side, were precious — were rolled up like a scroll and laid away 
forever. Together agaia, as a united people, under the old ensign, 
flaming aloft aud before us like a star in the serene sky, we are march- 
ing to still grander triumphs, bearing on our Atlean siioulders an en- 
franchised race to the blessings of our own civilization. In the midst 
•of the fury of partisan strife, however bitter or however honest, it has 
always appeared that as we have loved our aims we have loved our 
<}ountry more. 

When the hand of the assassin struck our President down there was 
aiot a home or a heart, from sea to sea, from which earnest prayers did 
not go ui> for his recovery. And when death came there was not one 
that was not draped in mourning and bowed in deepest sorrow. He 
was to have been with us to day and to have joined in these august cer- 
emonies. It has been otherwise ordained. But his honored successor 
is here, and his Cabinet, and the Yorktown Oongressional Commission, 
and representatives of every department of the United States Govern- 
ment, and the people of the sister States and Territories, and citizens 
of foreign nations, to piirticipate in the proceedings of this historic day. 
Virginia gives them cordial welcome ! Providence decreed that her 
soil should be the scene of the last great act of the Revolution. Her 
citizens rejoice that they can grant it to all the States, and join them in 
building thereon a memorial which they trust may be as lasting as the 
emblem it typifies, and that both may be immortal. We feel that how- 
ever dire the calamity that has befallen us or may in the future come, 
faith is not dead and patriotism has not been wounded. " God reigns 
and the goverument at Washington still lives!" The friends of free- 
dom everywhere catch up the grand refrain and speed it round the 
world — God reigns and the government at Washington still lives! 
Long live the Goverument! 

The descendants of the distinguished German ; who commanded an 
imijortant part of the forces here, and was very near to Washington, 
have come, in obedience to our request, to help us celebrate their anni- 
versary as well as ours. We give them kindly greeting. The sword of 
Steuben, drawn in behalf of freedom, opened the way for the advent of 
his vigorous aud gifted race. They have penetrated into the very heart 
■of our institutions ; have made their homes in the midst of the restless 
movements of our people, and become as one in sympathy ; have built 
ap the material wealth of the country wherever they have gone, aud 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 25 

mingled their names with its gk)ries in every department of literature, 
arts, and arms. We unite to-day to give kindly greeting to the descend- 
ants of one who was their illustrious countryman and our friend. 

We have invited France to join us. Her chosen citizens are here — 
the descendants and representatives of those without whose aid neither 
this day uor this monument liad been possible. Were I to attempt to 
express American gratitude to F'rance, and for what it is due, hours 
would not suffice any more tharf^ey would suffice to tell of the splendid 
achievements which have made all modern history effulgent with her 
fjime. It is not needed here and now. Your presence, sirs, and your 
place in these proceedings speak more eloquently than any words of 
mine. The Government of the United States, by its high officials, the 
people of the United States, by these its representatives before and 
around us in hosts that cannot be counted, bid you "All hail and wel- 
come." 

On this spot, a hundred years ago, your sires and ours united and ac- 
complished a work which started a civilization witli untold possibilities 
on the new continent, and revolutionized the civilizations of the old. 

None could then estimate its far-reaching sweep or the unnumbered 
blessings it carried for mankind. We build this monument to perpet- 
uate the recollection of that work. We will guard it with pious hands 
and hearts, and transmit it to the countless generations who will follow 
us, to show how, in God's ways, a brave and noble deed evolves its 
own triumphs. So may the principles this monument is intended to 
represent not fall from the memory of man. 



Thk Marseli.aisk Hymx 
By tHe chorus of voicLvi niidor Professor Seigtl, accompauieil by the Marine Band. 

Remarks hv the chairman of tlie Congressional Conuni^^sio!>, 
Hon. John W. Johiiston, of Virginia. 



n E }[ A R K s o r H OX. J o H y jr. .ro ft y s t o y , 

C}I.\IRM.\X OF THE COMMISSION'. 

Three times has the soil upon which we stand been made the camping 
ground of armed men. Twice were the encampments those of soldiers 
arrayed for battle and ready for conflict ; but the third time the meet- 
ing is peaceful and brotherly. 

One hundred years ago the rival camps were, on the one side, that of 
England, the mother country, straining her strength and making a su- 



26 YORKTOAVN CELEBRATION. 

prenie and liual effort to reduce to submission lier tiiirteeu rebellious 
colonies, and, on the other, those thirteen rebellious colonies determined 
to be free and their j^^enerous allies, the French. ' 

Twenty years ago these same colonies, swelled into thirty-four States 
had divided into sectional lines, taken up arms, and stood face to face, 
bayonet to bayonet. But to-day behold the earth covered with tents, 
in which sleep side by side, in brotherly friendship, the men who once 
confronted each other with deadly intent. This gathering- of troops is 
peaceful, not peaceful only but friendly and patriotic. The citizen soldier 
from all parts of the United States and the veterans of the Army and 
the Navy meet here to rival each other in celebrating the event which 
made them what they are, a free and powerful and prosperous nation. 

The struggle between Great Britain end the colonies had lasted more 
than six years. It had been maintained by the colonies amidst every 
difiiculty that could embarrass and surround them. Their people num- 
bered but three millions, and they were strong along the Atlantic coast. 
Their opponents were more than twenty millions, and their territories 
encircled the eartl;. Their flag- floated on every sea, and ^heir wealth 
and resources were greater than those of any nation of the earth. But 
it had become airparent that the crisis was at hand. Cornwallis was 
hemmed in by the army that stretched its lines around him, with both 
wings resting on the river, and in the river itself was anchored the 
French fleet. And so he had nothing left but to lay down his arms, 
and the American Revolution was an accotnplished fact. 

On this side the war had -been kept up by the Continental Congress. 
The colonies had no president, no cabinet, no government. They sim- 
ply came voluntarily together, and placed the whole management and 
conduct of affairs in the hands of delegates chosen by themselves. How 
these men acquitted themselves is the most glorious page in all history. 
Their wisdom, their patriotism, their steadfastness, their patience, their 
fortitude were uneqnaled by those of any body of men that ever as- 
sembled. Of them and their conduct John Marshall speaks in these 
terms : 

The firmness manifested by Congress throughout the gloomy and trying period 
which intervened between the loss of Fort Washington and the battle of Princeton 
entitles the members of that day to tbe admiration of tlie world and tbe gratitude of 
tlaeir fellow-citizens. Unawed by the dangers which threateuad them, and regard- 
less of personal safety, they did not for an instant admit the idea that the indepen- 
dence they had declared was to be surrendered and peace purchased by returning to 
their ancient colonial situation. They sought to remove the despondence which was 
seizing and paralyzing the public mind by an address to the States, in which every 
argument was suggested which could arouse them to a vigorous action. 

The Congress was in session when Cornwallis surrendered, and the 
intelligence of the surrender was speedily communicated to them. Feel- 
ing that their long struggle was crowned with triumph, and that the 
event which had just taken place was one of the great events oi the 



YOKKTOWN CELEBRATION. 27 

world, which would live forever in history, and influence for all time the 
destinies of the peoi)le, and tilled with gratitude for the aid rendered 
them by France, they passed this resolution : 

That the United States, in Congress assembled, will cause to be erected at York, in 
Virginia, a marble column adorned with emblems of the alliance between the United 
States and His Most Christian Majesty, and inscribed with a succinct narrative of the 
surrender of Earl Cornwallis to his excellency General Washington, commander-in- 
chief of the combined forces of America and France ; to his excellency Count de 
Rochambeau, commanding the auxiliary troops of His Most Christian Majesty in 
America; and his excellency Count de Grasse, commander-in-chief of the naval army 
of France, in Chesapeake. 

It will be seen that the column to be erected was to commemorate 
not only the victory of the colonies, but the part taken by France in 
bringing it about. The duty to do this was a legacy left by the Conti- 
nental Congress. And now, after the lapse of one hnndred years, the 
Congress of thirty-eight States and tifty millions of people, the Con- 
gress of a nation stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific, is execnt- 
ing that legacy. Three millions of people and thirteen colonies accom- 
plished the great work, and tifty millions of people and thirty -eight 
States are celebrating it. And joining in this celebration are repre- 
sentatives of the French Nation. Here, at the invitation of this gov- 
ernment, French soldiers again tread American soil and French vessels- 
ride the waters of York River. 

The model of the monument to be erected is here before us. Thir- 
teen female figures, representing the thirteen Colonies, seem to support 
upon their shoulders a column marked with thirty-eight stars, typical of 
the thirty-eight States, and crowned by a figure of Liberty. This era- 
bodies the idea — from the thirteen Colonies grew the thirty-eight States, 
and sprung the truest and most thorough and genuine liberty ever en- 
joyed by any people. 

On the four sides of the base, and carrying out the original design of 
the Continental Congress, are " emblems of the alliance between the 
United States and His Most Christian Ma.jesty, and a succinct ]iarrative 
of the surrender of Earl Cornwallis." 

And now, as the appropriate opening of our celebration, the corner- 
stone of the monument will be laid by '' the order of the Ancient Free 
and Accepted Masons" — of which Washington himself was a chief mem- 
ber — with all the grand and solemn ceremonies befitting so great an- 
occasion. 



" Hail Columbia," 
By the chorus of voices led by Professor Seigel. The accompaniment by the Marine 

Band. 



28 yorktOwn celef.ration. 



LAYING THE CORNER STONE OF THE MONUMENT, 

Bj the JIasonic Grand Master of Virginia, assisted by the Graad Masters of the 

Thirteen Original States. 

Grand Master. — Brethren, before entering npon any important uiider- 
takiug, we should always invoke the blessing of Deity. 

Prayer by Eight Worshipful A. Poe Boudb, Grand Chaplain, p. t. 

Most Holy and Glorious Lord God, Author of all good ! i^rompted 
by a deep sense of our need, and guided by the Holy Bible, the Great 
Light of Masonry and of nations, we come to Thee for the blessing we 
need at this hour ; for in Thee do we put our trust. 

As we stand on this eminence and look back upon the path of our 
national history, and see from what and through what we have come, and 
then turn to see in our present surroundings the dignity to which we 
have arisen, we acknowledge the guidance of Thy hand, the strength of 
Thine arm, and the glory of Thy goodness. 

Around us are armed hosts, thundering cannon, and mighty ships of 
war. These were present at our nation's birth, and have guarded us to 
this hour ; and yet all these are vain without the blessing of Heaven. 
^' Some trust in chariots and some in horses ; but we will remember the 
name of the Lord our God." 

We praise Thee, O Lord, for all that is great and good in our history. 
We praise Thee especially for the great and good men whom Thou didst 
raise up among our fathers, to lead them through their long, dark strug- 
gle for Independence. Thou wast their pillar of cloud and of tire ; and 
when, in their weakness, their hearts were ready to despond, Thou didst 
send them timely aid across the great waters ; and here, upon this spot, 
the sun of American Liberty first arose. Clouds, dark and threatening, 
have swept across our nation's sky since then, but we thank Thee that 
Thou hast brushed them away, and to-day the sky is clear and the sun 
shines brightly as ever. Peace is in all our borders, and i)rosperity 
attends our every step. 

Here, like Thy servants Jacob imd Samuel of old, we would raise a 
stone to mark this important spot in our history. " Hither, by Thy 
help, we've come." And a« long as this stone lasts may every one who 
looks ui)on it be stimulated with a love of liberty and a devotion to God 
and country, such as characterized the great men whose deeds we here 
commemorate. 

Pardon, we pray Thee, our national sins. They are many and great; 
and we confess them before Thee. Save us from the counsel and rule 
of ambitious and impure men ; and grant that our laws may be made 
and executed in the fear of God. 

To this end, we pray Thee, bless Thy servant, the President of the 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 29 

United States, and all who are in any way connected with the govern- 
ment of this country. May they have Wisdom from above to direct them 
in all that they do ; Strength sufficient for their day, to support them in 
all their trials ; and the Beauty of holiness to adorn their private lives 
and all their public performances. 

God bless the French Government and people, to whou» we are so 
much indebted for what we this day enjoy. 

God bless the English Government and peoi)le, to whom we are so 
nearly related by blood, and from whom we have derived so much of 
permanent value in both our civil and religious institutions. 

God bless all the nations of the earth. 

O, Thou who makest Thy " sun to shine on the evil and the good, and 
sendest Thy rain on thv just and the unjust," continue to bless our land 
with i)Ienty. O, Thou who didst send "peace on earth aud good will 
to men," continue to bless us with ijeace. Save us from pestilence, 
famine, and sword. 

Save the people gathered on this ground from sickness and accident, 
and return them in safety and quiet to their homes. 

Bless the Masons of all lands. Help them " to be good men and 
true" — true to the principles of the Order, true to themsehes, their 
countries, and their God. 

" Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name ; Thy king- 
dom come. Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this 
day our daily bread ; and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive them 
that trespass against us; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver 
us from evil ; for thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, 
forever. Amen. 

Grand Master. — Eight Worshipful Brother Grand Senior Warden, the 
Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Virginia having been invited to lay the 
Corner-stone of the Monument hereto be erected by the Government of 
the United States in commemoration of the surrender on the 19th day of 
October, 1781, of Lord Coruwallis to the combined forces of the United 
States and France, it is my order that the Grand Lodge do now proceed 
to the performance of that important ceremony. This, my will and pleas- 
ure, you will communicate to the Grand Junior Warden, and he to the 
assembled brethren, that all may have due notice thereof. 

Grand iSenior Wardeti. — Eight Worshijjful Brother Grand Junior 
Warden, it is order the of the Most Worshipful Grand Master that the 
Corner-stone of the Monument here to be erected be now laid with 
Masonic honors. This, his will and pleasure, you will proclaim to all 
here present, that the occasion may be observed with due order and 
solemnity. 

Grand Junior Warden. — Brethren, and all here present, take notice 
that our Most Worshipful Grand Master will lay the Foundation-stone 
of this Monument in Masonic form. You will strictly observe due order 
and decorum during the ceremony in virhich we are engaged. 



30 YOKKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

}IYMN — Tune, Baleuma. , 

To Heaven's high Architect all praise, 

All gratitude he given, 
Who deigned the human soul to raise 

By secrets spruug from Heaven. 

Now swells the choir in solemn tone, 

And hovering angles join ; 
Religion looks delighted down 

When votaries press the shrine. 

Blest he the place! thither repair 

The true and pious train ; 
Devotion wakes her anthem thei-e, 

And Heaven accepts the strain. 

Grand Master. — Right Worsbipful Brother Grand Treasurer, you will 
read the inscription on the box. 

INSCRIPTION. 

Corner-atone of a Monument to Commemorate the Surrender of Lord Corn- 
wallis and the forces under his Command, to the American and French 
Troops at Yorl-town, Virginia, October 19th, 1781. 

Laid on the invitation of the Congressional Commission by the Grand 
Lodge of A. F. & A, Masons of Virginia, on the occasion of the cele- 
qration of the 100th anniversary of that event.^' 

Grand Master. — Eight Worshipful Brother Grand Secretary, you will 
read the list of the contents of the box. 

CONTENTS OF THE BOX. 

J. A. Yancey & Co., Richmond. — One copy of the Holy Bible. 

W. E. Johnson, Richmond. — Copper coin of United States, 1783. 

A. Myers, Ijforfolk. — Copper coin, 1783, Washington and Independ- 
ence. 

T. J. Wooldridge, Chesterfield.— One silver coin of United States, 
1776. 

Geo. B. Ely, Manchester. — Three metal medals. 

J. M. Carrington, Staunton. — Copper coin of 1787, "Mind your Busi- 
ness." 

T. D. Jennings, jr., Lynchburg. — Colonial coin of 1773. 

H. W. Furcron, Richmond. — :| franc. 

A. W. Hemaus, Richmond. — One cent, Canada coin, 1859. 

J. V. Bidgood, Richmond. — One French coin, 1874. 

Geo. A. Hundley, Richmond. — 1 100 Virginia Treasury note of Octo- 
ber, 1S»!2. 

Thomas Potts, Richmond. — $ 100 Confederate interest bearing note. 

A. J. Ford, Richmond. — $100 Confedrate Treasury note. 

Commercial Club, Richmond. — Copy of Programme issued by it of 
the Celebration at Yorktown and continued in Richmond. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 31 

F. H. Wiliiaiihs, lliclinioiul. — Pliotograpb of Confederate Flags oom- 
bin^d. 

F. Marsti, Norfolk. — Yorktowu Centennial Medal. 

Robert Welsh, Ricliniond. — Diagram of Corner-stone as furnished 
Li in for execution. 

Richmond Post-Oliice.— Memorial Schedule of Arrival and Departure 
1 Mails, issued 2Gth Se{)tember, 18S1.~ 

R. B. Chartiu & Co., Richmond. — Copy of Virginia Real Estate Journal 
of October, 1881. 

Howard R. Bayue, Richmond. — Copy of Travels of Ego and Alter, 
published in 1879. 

West, Johnston & Co., Richmond. — Copy of Methods of Language 
Teaching, and coi)y of Yorktown Centennial volume. 

H. P. Johnston, New York. — Copy of " The Y'orktown Campaign and 
the surrender of Coruwallis, 1781." 

J. E. Goode, Richmond. — Copy of the Warrock-Richardson Almanac 
for 1881. 

Alfred Shield, Richmond. — Copy of Charter of Y'orktowu Centennial 
Association, 

E. S. Jeninson, Charleston. — By-Laws of South Carolina Commaudeiy 
Ko. 1, chartered in 1824. 

Joppa Lodge No. 40, Richmond. — Copy of By-Laws. 

J. H. Estill, Savannah, Georgia. — Copy of Sketch of Solomon Lodge 
No. 1 ; also Copy of By-Laws. 

*\Vinterpock Lodge No. 94, Chesterfield. — Copy of By-Laws. 

Amity Lodge No. 76, Richmond. — Copy of Postal Card calling meet- 
ing of Lodge to consider the Yorktown Centennial. 

Fredericksburgh Lodge No. 4, Fredericksburgh. — A Leaf from the 
Bible on which George Washington was made a Mason ; also Extracts 
from Records of the Lodge showing his connection with it; also a Roll 
of Members, 1881. 

C. L. Seigle, Richniond. — List of names of Yorktown Centennial Cho 
rus and Membership Ticket; also a copy of all the Music to be sung by 
the Centennial Chorus. 

Bj" Amity Lodge No. 70, Richmcmd. — List of Officers and Members 
October, 1881. 

Mrs. Mary W. Baldwin, Chesterfield County. — Masonic Apron worn 
by her late husband, Rev. Archibald AV. Baldwin, deceased. 

H. S. Bogart, Savannah, Georgia. — Copy in MS. of his work entitled 
" Washington and Lee, with parallel notes." 

Grand Commandery of Knights Templar of Virginia. — Copy of Pro- 
ceedings for 1880 ; also copy of Form of Diploma on parchment. 

Grand Chapter of Virginia. — Copy of Dove's R. A. C. Text-Book, 
edition 1853 ; copy of Proceedings for 1880 ; copy of Form of Diploma 
on parchment; copy of form of Charter on parchment; copy of form 
of Commission to Grand Representatives ; copies of Olticial Commis- 
sions and Dispensations. 



32 YORKTOW^' CELEBRATION. 

Graud Lodge of Virginia. — Copy of first and fourtli Editions of Dove's 
Text-Books ; copy of Proceedinos of laying the Corner-stone by tlie 
Grand Lodge of the Washington Monument 22d February, 1850 ; copy 
of unveiling the same 22d February, 1858 ; copy of Proceedings for 1878, 
containing ceremony of unveiling the Monument erected by the Masons 
of Virginia to m em or j^ of Dr. John Dove, who had served as Grand 
Secretary from 1836 to 1876 ; copy of Proceedings for 1880 ; copy of 
Eeport of Proceedings from 1 733 to 1822, setting forth the progress of 
the Fraternity during the intervening years — also giving history of the 
Organization of the Grand Lodge in 1778 up to 1822, Steel-plate En- 
gravings of the Grand Masters who had i^resided over the Grand Lodge 
from 1778 to 1822, also of the late Graud Secretary; an Electrotype 
copy of the Seal of the Grand Lodge ; copy of form of Charter issued 
to Subordinate Lodges on pardiment, signed by the present Grand 
Master 5 copy of Form of Diploma on parchment ; copy of Commission 
issued to Grand Representatives ; copies of Forms of Dispensation and 
other Official Documents; copy of Special Committee on Masonic Ju- 
risprudence, adopted in 1856 ; copy of Special Committee on Free Ma- 
sonry and the War, adopted in 1864 ; copy of the Programme of the 
Ceremony of laying the Corner-stone of this Monument ; copy of the 
Code of Virginia, edition of 1873 ; copy of Websters Dictiouaiy (un- 
abridged) ; a full set of Lodge Jewels of Silver. 

Grand Master. — Right Worshipful Brothers^ Grand Treasurer and 
Grand Secretary, you will superintend and see that the box is depos- 
ited in the place prepared for its reception. 

HYMN— TuNK, America. 

Father of love aud might, 
Seud forth Thy holy light 

Oh ns to shine. 
Be thou our Sovereign Lord, 
And may Thy Holy Word 
Be to us a shield aud sword, 

Master Divine. 

Bound in one brotherhood, 
Owning one common blood, 

Children of Thine — 
Fill us with kindliness, 
Prompt to relieve distress, 
Wearing thy true impresp, 

Master Divine. 

With joyful hands to-day 
This Corner- stoue we lay, 

Witli corn, oil, wine: 
But do Thou build up one. 
Wrought in the living stone 
Of our true hearts alone, 

Master Divine. 



YOEKTOWN CELEBRATION. 35 

Orand Master. — My Most Worsliipful Brethren, the Grand Masters 
of the Grand Lodges of New York, Maryhiud, and Pennsylvania, you 
w ill descend with me to the fonndation. 

The Grand Master with the Troicel stood at the East, with the Grand 
Master of ISTew York with the Square on his right, the Grand Master of 
Maryland with the Level at the West, and the Grand Master of Penn- 
sylvania, with the Plumb at the Sonth side of the stone. The Grand 
i\raster spread the cement, after wliich lie directed the Grand Marshal 
to order the Craftsmen to lower the cap-stone. Executed under the 
direction of Brother E. H. Knrlin, United States Army, and assisted 
hy Eight Woi\shipfnl John C. Armistead, and Brothers William B. 
Isaacs, Jr., and J. B. Alexander. This was done with three motions : 
First. Lowering the stone a few inches, and stopping while the Grand 
Honors were given. Second. Lowering again a few inches and re- 
peating the Grand Honors. Third. Lowering to its place, and repeat- 
ing the Grand Honors. The Square, Level, and Plumb were then ap- 
jdied to the stone, by their respective bearers, and all returned to their 
stations. 

Grand Master. — My Most Worshipful Brother, the Grand Master of 
l^ew Y'ork, what jewel do you bear :^ 

Orand Master of New Yorl: — The Square. 

Grand Master. — Have you applied it to such parts of the stone as 
should be square ? 

Grand Blaster of N etc York. — I have. Most Worshipful Grand Master, 
and find the Craftsmen have faithfully performed their duty. 

Grand Master. — My Most Worshipful Brother, the Grand Master of 
Maryland, what jewel do you bear ? 

Grand Master of Maryland. — The Level. 

Grand Master. — Have you applied it to such parts of the stone as 
should be level f 

Grand Master of Maryland. — I have, Most Worshipful Grand Master, 
and find the Craftsmen have faithfully performed their duty. 

Grand Master. — My Most Worshipful Brother, the Grand Master of 
Pennsylvania, what jewel do you bear? 

Grand Master of Pennsylvania. — The Plumb. 

Grand Master. — Have you ajiplied it to such parts of the stone as 
should be plumb *? 

Grand Master of Pennsylvania. — I have, Most Worshipful Grand Mas- 
ter, and find the Craftsmen have fixithfuUy performed their duty. 

Grand Master. — Right Worshipful Brother Deputy Grand Master, you 
will, with the assistance of our Most Worshipful Brethren, the Grand 
Masters of the Grand Lodges of South Carolina, North Carolina, Con- 
necticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Delaware, examine the 
foundation stone, and see if it is well and duly laid, and report to me. 
S. Rep. 1003 3 



34 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

Deimty Gr<tnd Masicr. — Most Wor^bipful Grand Master, we have ex- 
amined the foimdatioii stone, and lind it true and trusty, and dul^ laid. 
May this patriotic undertakiugf be prosecuted by the Craftsmen to com- 
])h*tion acconlinp: to the grand plan, and in Peace, Love, and Harmony. 

HYMN— TuNK, LYONfci. 

O, praise yo the Lord, proiiare your glad voice 

His Praise in the great As'Sembly to aiug ; 
In their great Creator let all men rejoice, 

And heirs of salvation he glad in their King. 

Lot them His great name devoutlj- adore, 

In loud swelling strains His praises express, 
Who graciously opens His bountiful store, 

Their wants to relieve and His children to bless. 

AVith glory adorned His people shall sing. 

To God, who defense and plenty supplies, 
Their loud acclamations to Him, their great King, 

Through earth shall be sounded and reach to the skies. 

Ye angels above, His glories who've snug. 

In loftiest notes now publish His praise, 
We mortals, delighted, would borrow yoiu- tqugue. 

Would join in your numbers and chant to jour lays. 

Grand Master. — My Most Worshipful Brother, the Grand Master of 

Massachusetts, you will descend and pour upon the Stone the Corn of 

nourishment. 

Poured the Corn on the Stone, pronouncing the following invocation: 

"May the Supreme Architect of the Universe preserve the health and 

strength of the workmen engaged in the erection of this Monument, 

protect them from all accidents, and bless and prosper the work of 

their hands." 

HYMN— Tune, Hkbrox. 

When once of old in Israel 

Our early Brethren wrought with toil, 
Jehovah's blessings on them fell 

In showers of Corn and Wine and Oil. 

Grand Master, — My most Worshipful Brother, the Grand Master of 

North Carolina, you will descend and pour upon the Stone tlie Wine of 

refreshment. 

Poured the wine, pronouncing the following invocation : 

"May abundant refreshment be showered down upon the people of 

this our common country, and may the blessings of the Giver of all 

good things attend their undertakings." 

SECOND STANZA. 

When there a shrine to Him alone 

They built, with worship sin to foil, 
On threshold and on corner-stone 

They poured out Corn and Wine and On . 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 35 

Orancl Master.— My Most Worshipful Brother, the Grand Master of 

Counecticut, you will descend and i)our upon the Stone the Oil of joy 

and gladness. 

Poured the oil, pronouncing the following invocation : 

"May the Supreme Being preserve to the people of this country 

Peace and Harmony, aud vouchsafe to them joy and gladness and every 

blessing." 

THIRD STANZA. 

And we have come fraternal bands, 

With joy aud pride and prosperous spoil, 
To honor him by votive hands, 

With streams of Corn and Wink and Oil. 

Grand Master. — Having full confidence in the skill in the royal art of 
all who have assisted us in the honored duty assigned to the Grand 
Lodge of Ancient, Free, and Accepted Masons of the State of Virginia, 
it remains with me to finish the work. 

He descended, with the Grand Senior Deacon on his right, and the 
Grand Junior Deacon on his left, and gave three distinct knocks on the 
stone. They then returned to their stations. 

Grand Master. — Know all ye who hear me, We are assembled in the 
broad light of day, and proclaim ourselves Free and Accepted Masons, 
true to the laws of our country, professing to fear God and to confer 
benefits on mankind. We have secrets; they are inviolate and inviola- 
ble; they are lawful and honest. The tenets of our profession are 
Brotherly Love, Relief, and Truth. We inculcate the four Cardinal 
Virtues — Temperance, Fortitude, Prudence, and Justice. If we had 
not practised those tenets and inculcated those virtues, our Institution 
would not have descended to us through generation after generation, 
nor would it have numbered among its members so manj^ pure and 
illustrious personages who were and are always ready to j^articipate in 
its work, and to promote its welfare. As Grand Master of Masons in 
the State of Virginia, I pronounce the Corner- stone of this Monument 
true, trusty, and well laid. May the Corn of nourishment, the Wine of 
refreshment, and the Oil of joy and gladness, and all the other necessi- 
ties of life abound among all the people. May the blessings of God 
rest upon this work. May the IVIonumeut here to be erected be i>re- 
served throughout all ages as a reminder to each succeeding generation 
of the glorious event which it is intended to commemorate. 

Grand Master. — My Most Worshipful Brother, our Grand Marshal, 
you will, with the aid of the Grand Senior and Junior Deacons, present 
me with the working tools. 

Grand Master. — Brother Craighill, as the builder of this Monument, 
after the designs as laid down by the distinguished architects — K. M. 
Hunt, Henry Van Brunt, and J. Q. A. Ward — I confide to your hands 
the implements of Operative Masonry with the fullest confidence in 
your skill aiul ability to erect such a Monument as will perpetuate and 



36 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

add new lut^ter to the established glory, liberality, and patriotism of the 
people of these United States. 

Orand Master. — Most Worshipful Brother, our Grand Marshal, you 
will take with you the Most Worshipful Grand Master of Pennsylvania, 
as a member and as the representative of the Congressional Commis- 
sion having the Monument in charge, and inform his Excellency the 
President of the United States, that the Corner-stone of the Monument, 
about to be erected in commemoration of the surrender of Lord Corn- 
wallis to our illustrious and beloved Brother, General George Washing- 
ton, has now been laid with Masonic Honors, and request his Excellency 
to descend and examine our work, and if approved, to receive it from our 
hands. 

His Excellency Chester A. Arthur, President of the United States, 
escorted by the Most Worshipful Grand Master, the Most Worshipful 
Grand Master of Pennsylvania, and the Most Worshii)ful Grand Mar. 
shal, descended to the Foundation-stone. He pronounced it well laid, 
and received the work from our hands. 



The Most Worshipful Grand Master then introduced Most Worshipful 
Beverley It. Wellford, Jr., Past Grand Master, who delivered the fol- 
lowing 

ORATION. 

When the ancient Patriarch awoke from the slumber in which his 
ejes had beheld the ladder that spanned the chasm between earth and 
heaven, and his ears had heard the promise of his father's God, that the 
land whereon he lay should be the heritage of his children — that his 
seed should be as the dust of the earth, and should spread abroad to the 
West and to the East, and to the ^N^orth and to the South, and that in 
him and his seed should all the families of the earth be blessed — the 
first impulse of his heart was to erect then and there a Memorial stone 
to consecrate the spot and to commemorate the event. 

Centuries afterwards, in that romantic history, of which Bethel was 
one of the initial points, we read of the planting of another Memorial- 
stone. Year by year, in all these centuries, the promise had been in 
process of fulfillment, until now the seed of Jacob had multiplied into 
the hosts of Israel ; and the Egyptian captivity long since terminated — 
the exodus safely accomplished through the perils of the Eed Sea, and 
the wearj^ wanderings of the Wilderness, tlie walls of Jericho over- 
thrown, and the Hebrews in full possession of the promised land, a new 
era in their history was about to dawn The oflfendings of tlie people 
had provoked a temporary' withdrawal of the smiles of Providence, and 
the armies of Israel had been driven in dismay before the Philistines. 
The stricken jieople appealed to the Prophet to intercede in their behalf, 
and once again the arm of the Almighty was bared for their protection. 
Upon the field of victory, between Mizpeh and Shen, the Prophet took 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 37 

a Stone and set it, and called the name of it Ebenezer, saying "Hitherto 
liath the Lord helped us." 

We are here, my Brethren and my countrymen, to parody the exam- 
ple of Jacob and of Samuel. The men of the Eevolution proposed to 
perform in their own day the pious office now devolved upon us. Had 
they been permitted to do so, they would have come simply with the ex- 
pectant Faith of Jacob, in a future yet to be accomplished. We come 
with the grateful experiences of Samuel of a realized past. 

Representing- two generations, the one removed from the other by a 
long interval of years, we are here, with filial reverence, to fulfill their 
pledge by planting the Bethel of the Fathers, while for ourselves we 
•come, with shouting and praise, to raise the Ebenezer of the Sons. 

' >n the 29th October, 1781, ten days after the surrender of Lord Corn- 
"wallis, the Continental Congress resolved that this Monument should be 
here erected. Reckoned only in years, and compared with the life of 
many nations of the ancient and of the modern Avorld, the period which 
has intervened may appear to be very brief. But neither in individual 
nor in social life are we restricted to such a narrow measure of compu- 
tation. 

Who would think of measuring, by the simple third of a century, the 
great era which witnessed the birth in the manger at Bethlehem and the 
death upon the Cross on Calvary? 

More than sixteen centuries of tliis world's history had been accom- 
plished when the Ark lested upon Mount Ararat; but measured by the 
duration of human life, the survivors of the Deluge occupied towards 
the events of the Garden of Kden about the same relative position which 
we do to the events of our Revolutionary period. 

Koah was the sonof Lamech, and the grandson of Methusaleh. The 
one perished five years before, and the other in the very year of the 
Flood. In their earlier lives the one was contemporary with Adam for 
fifty-six years, and the other for two hundred and forty-three years, and 
in their later lives both were contemporary with Xoah for six hundred 
years, and for nearly one hundred years with Shem, Ham, and Japheth. 
Thus two single lives of mortal men bridged the chasm of timefrom the 
Creation to the Deluge, and the grandchildren of Noah born after the 
Flood, might have received from their parents the history of Father Adam 
and Mother Eve, as imparted to them by those who had received them 
directly from the first Parents of Mankind. 

All of theactors in our Revolutionary struggle have longsiuce perished 
from the earth. Our possibilities of oral communication with that past 
are limited to the links between. Few, very few, even of these remain 
who can repeat the story of the hundred years ago as it was told to them 
by any actor in those scenes. Those, however, who survive, have a past 
'Of memory and of tradition, which, unlike the more extensive past of 
the survivors of the Ark, they and their children desire and purpose to 
j)reserve and perpetuate. 



38 YOKKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

It is not an easy matter to meet the requirements of this occasion, and 
to place ourselves in imagination upon the standpoint which the Conti- 
nental Congress occupied in looking towards the future, when they 
ordered the laying of this Corner-stone. What was then matter of specu- 
lation, has been so long matter of history ; the hopes that cheered, have 
so long since ripened into fruition, and the fears that discouraged have 
so long since been dissii^ated, that it requires some violent mental effort 
to imagine ourselves in their condition of anxiety about a future, whicht 
has been during all of our lives a happily and gloriously realized past. 

The surrender of Lord Cornwallis was naturally regarded, both at home 
and abroad, as foreshadowing an early and successful termination of our 
Eevolutionary struggle. But the end was not yet. The night was far 
spent and the day-dawn drew nigh, but the gates of the morning were 
not even yet uplifted. 

Upon the day after the surrender, General Washington issued the 
following order : 

"Divine service will be performed to-morrow in the several brigades 
and divisions. The Commander-in-Chief earnestly recommends that the 
troops not on duty should universally attend with that seriousness of 
deportment and gratitude of heart which the recognition of such reiter- 
ated and astonishing interpositions of Providence demands of us." — 8- 
SparTcs, 189. 

In the spirit of this order, the intelligence was received among all the 
people, as it sped from man to man, and house to house, with all the 
rapidity consistent with the then practicable means of communication. 
In the same spirit it was received by the Continental Congress, and in 
the same spirit the idea was conceived of erecting this monument. 

It was no spirit of exulting confidence in an accomplished result, but 
a grateful recognition of Providential interposition in the past as a 
promise for the future. 

More than a year had yet to intervene before peace could be pro- 
claimed. The war against their emigrant children had, however, long 
since ceased to be, if it ever had been, popular with the British j^eople. 
The principles upon which the Colonies began the contest were so natural 
an outgrowth of the princii^les npon which the House of Hanover had 
accepted the throne, as matter of grace, from the British people, through 
their representatives in Parliament assembled, that the overthrow of the 
Colonies would have rolled back the wheels of Constitutional Liberty to 
the days of the Stuarts. The only statesmen of Great Britain whose 
utterances live in history gave voice all the while to the remonstrances 
of a great constituency, composed of the best material of the British 
people, against the unnatural effort to subjugate America. Chatham. 
Camden, Burke, Barre — had protested from the outset with vehement 
force, that the cause of Britisli Liberty was wrapt up in the successful 
resistance of their transatlantic brethren. If, under any fair system 
of representation, the voice of the great rural constituencies could have 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 39 

beeu spoken iu the House of Commons, it might have echoed a response 
to the protests, which came up from the centers of commerce and trade 
throughout the Kingdom, so loudly that Lexington, and Saratoga, and 
Yorktown would have been as unknown to history as Goldsmith's lovely 
village of the plain. 

But the weak and obstinate monarch, the shadows of whose later life 
forbid harsh censure of the folly which dissevered an empire, was stub- 
bornly deaf, and commanded deafness in all his advisers, to the protests 
and remonstrances of the wisest and most intelligently loyal of his sub- 
jects at home and abroad. The surrender of his army by Lord Coru- 
Avallis, however, and the pronounced refusal of Parliament to supply 
men and money to protract the hopeless struggle, confirmed too late the 
warning of Chatham, that he could never conquer America. Still he 
hesitated — but all the influence of the throne could not retain iu power 
any ministry which refused to hearken to the voice of the great British 
people, commanding that the unnatural war should cease. 

The Treaty was nominally the act of the King of Great Britain, assent- 
ing of his sovereign grace and pleasure, to treat with his former colo- 
nies as free, sovereign, and independent States. 

It was really the act of the British people, speaking through a titular 
sovereign, whose reluctant will they constrained to execute it. 

It was their recognition of the fact that their emigrant children had 
attained their majority; and their concession of the right of those chil- 
dren to assume all the responsibilities of that majority. 

To the American people the treaty of peace was the successful con- 
summation of their revolutionary struggle. The night was spent, and 
the morning had come at last — but with it came fearful anxieties about 
the developments of the day. 

The struggle in its outset had looked only to the preservation of in- 
herited British liberty, under all the forms of a Constitutional •Mon- 
archy. Bufthe natural succession of events, consequent upon the efforts 
of the British ministry to subjugate the colonies, had imposed upon 
them the grand exi)eriment of a purely Eepublican Government. The 
responsibility of making that experiment a success had beeu bravely 
assumed. But the normal state of society is that of peace, and the cru- 
cial test of poi)ular government was to begin when the war closed. 
Pending hostilities, the civil power was, of necessity in many matters, 
subordinate to that of the military forces, and in its own recognized do- 
main could command the aid of those forces to enforce social order. It 
was when those forces had to be disbanded — when the sword had to be 
converted into the jjlow-share, and the soldier to merge into the citizen 
— that the hour of real trial was to come. Then, and not until then, 
iu the orderly and peaceful administration of the Government, and iu 
the healthful progress of the State, could the practicability be demon- 
strated of the enjoyment of life, liberty, and property, under a Gov- 
ernment of the People, for the People, and by the People. 



40 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

Political philosophers abroad, of the most liberal feelings — especially 
those of the mother country, whose sympathies had been with us all the 
while, and who had echoed the words of Chatham, " If I were an Ameri- 
can, as I am an Englishman, while a foreign troop continues to be 
landed in my country, 1 never would lay down my arms — never — never 
never" — stood aghast at the boldness of the experiment. 

When, therefore, the unreflecting multitude, in the exultation of relief 
from the burdens of war by the confessed defeat of the foreign foe and 
the domestic traitor, were shouting their loud hozanuas over an accom- 
plished success, the wise and thoughtful of the Fathers were o])pressed 
with the heaviest anxieties and fears. 

Oh, my countrymen ! if we could only divest ourselves of our present 
surroundings, and shut our eyes to the light which has, during all our 
days, made straight to us the pathway those Fathers had to tread in 
darkness, we might begin to understand the feelings Avith which they 
would have gathered here to plant their Bethel, and how much of Faith, 
liow much of Hope, how much of Charity, the first onward step in the 
untraveled path before them involved. 

The War of the Kevolution opened at Lexington in April, J 775 — Lord 
Cornwallis surrendered here in October, 1781. 

Peace was proclaimed in March, 1783, but the British troops did not 
evacuate the city of New York until the 25th November. Upon the 4th 
December, George Washington took a final leave of his otficers, and on 
December 23, 1783, surrendered his commission as Commander-in-Chief 
of the Army to the Continental Congress at Annapolis. The strain of 
Peace upon the American experiment then began. 

The Constitution which created this great American Union of States 
assembled here to day through its official representatives and its loyal 
people, was then in the womb of the future. 

The«treaty of peace had recognized each of these Avhilom British colo- 
nies as a free, sovereign, and independent State. The pressure of a 
common peril had united them for the purpe-ses of common defense, and 
during the war they had adopted certain Articles of Confederation, un- 
der which a Congress of Eepresentatives from all the States was vested 
with limited i)owers to be exercised in the common interest. These ar- 
ticles did profess the object of establishing a perpetual Union — but 
failed to provide any machinery of Government by which the bonds of 
that Union could be made stronger than ropes of sand. 

The Congress was vested with authority to contract debts upon the 
credit of all the States, but with no power to raise money to pay them. 
It had authority to make war and to make peace, but no power to raise 
armies, to regulate trade and commerce, or to compel the observance of 
its plighted faith. The Government had no Executive head other than 
the President of Congres** during its session, or a committee of its mem- 
bers during recess. It had no officers to collect its revenues — no Judi- 
ciary to expound or enforce its laws. For all practical purjjoses its 



YOKKTOWN CKLEB RATION. 41 

power was little more tliau the moral power of recommeii(latioii or re- 
monstrance, dependent for force and effect entirely npon the concur- 
rent action of thirteen States — each acting- for itself and by itself with 
all the deliberation of Constitutional legislation. 

The responsibility of solving the problem of self-government was de- 
volved upon each of the thirteen States, and within its own domain could 
not be divided with any or all of the sisters. But each State stood before 
the world sponsor for all the others, and failure in one was disaster to all. 
The common peril Mhicli had demanded union in war, clamored yet more 
loudly for union in peace, but the utter inadequacy of the union of the 
Articles of Confederation, when the people of these States stood in the 
breach of the greatest responsibility ever imposed upon a community of 
men, was too painfully apparent. 

The idea of the Union that was needed under which the wisdom and 
practicability of self government was to be vindicated before all man- 
kind — liberty, prosi)erity, and happiness secured at home, honor and re- 
spect commanded abroad — had been conceived, but how it was to be real- 
ized was the mighty problem of the immediate future. 

It only began to be realized when the Constitution of the United States 
was adopted, and the government thereunder inaugurated. The interval 
of time between the close of the war and the inauguration of the first 
President of the United States was the really critical period of our his- 
tory. 

It is impossible for us to appreciate the fearful anxieties, the depress- 
ing discouragements, and the almost despairing etibrts of the statesmen 
of that i^eriod. The Articles of Confederation forbade any amendmenfcs 
without the concurrence of all the States. To secure that unanimity 
appeared to be utterly impossible. One of the States refused even to 
meet her sister States in conference for the purpose of consultation and 
discussion. The fruits of hard-won victory seemed about to be thrown 
away by irreconcilable antagonisms of interest, real or imaginary, and 
uncoufjuerable jealousies and apprehensions. Still, in the council of 
the States, sages and patriots toiled on prayerfully and hoijefully. The 
same serene intelligence which had guided the destinies of America in 
the dark hours of the Kevolution, ever njaking disaster luminous with 
hope, presided over the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention. 
His paternal counsels, all the while rebuking faction and discord, i)lead 
for that charity of opinion and action which could alone be the mother 
of the needed compromises and concessions. Finally a Constitution 
was formed, which was adopted in Convention by the votes of a ma- 
jority of all the States, and an imposing majority of the delegates from 
all the other represented States. It had still, however, to secure ihe 
approval of the people of these States. The grave necessity of the situ- 
ation, involving as it did all the results of the war, justified and re- 
quired an appeal to the sovereign people of each State in convention 
assembled, and to j>lace it out of the power of a few States to destroy the 



42 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

hopes and wreck the interests of all, it was wisely provided that upon 
the adoption of the Constitution by nine of the States, the Union there- 
under between these assenting- States should be established, and a gov- 
ernment for that Union elected and inaugurated under that Constitu- 
tion. 

The opposition to the Constitution, which hail failed in the Convention 
to prevent its recommendation to the States, was now transferred, with 
a vehement zeal we can scarcely comprehend at this day, to the several 
State conventions. IMany of its opponents enjoyed the m6st deserved 
reinitations at home and abroad for patriotism and sagacity, and com- 
manded the public ear and the public confidence to an extent no less 
than thatof its authors and friends. The contest waxed warm in almost 
all of the States. In but three, and they among the smallest, was the 
Constitution adopted without contest. Its fate remained long in doubt 
in many of the others, and upon the final vote in the conventions of the 
three great States of Virginia, Massachusetts, and New York it escaped 
rejection by very narrow majorities. 

In the immediate retrospect of the perils of this period, General \yash- 
ington, in his first inaugural address, speaks thus : 

''No people can be bound to ackuowledge and adore the invisible hand 
which conducts the aft'airs of men more than the people of the United 
States. Every step by which they have advanced to the character of an 
independent nation seems to have been distinguished by some token of 
Providential agency ; and in the important revolution just accomplished 
in the system of their united government, the tranquil deliberations and 
voluntary consent of so many distinct communities, from which the 
event has resulted, cannot be compared with the means by which most 
governments have been established without some return of pious grati- 
tude, along with an humble anticipation of the future blessings which 
the past seems to presage." 

Whatever may have been the hesitating doubts of that day, the verdict 
of history has been long since written, and upon her pages the Conven- 
tion which framed our immortal Constitution will challenge througli all 
coming time the veneration and gratitude of all mankind, and its work 
will be commended as the most wonderful i)roduction of wisdom and 
genius which ever sprang from the brain of uninspired man. 

We can onlj- speculate what might have been the consequences of the 
rejection of the Constitution, and with what feelings and under what 
circumstances this American people would have looked back to-day to 
the hundred years ago if this great E Plunbu.i Unnm of ours, this 
Union under the Constitution, had not been created. What have been 
the* blessed results, both at home and abroad, of its establishment, are 
matters of history now, and we are here to-day, the representatives of 
her fifty millions of freemen, to voice their jubilant thanksgiving for 
the past, and to send heavenward their fervent prayer of faith and hope 
for the future, Esto perpetua. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 45 

Nor are we here alone. It would be strange, indeed, if we were. The 
glories of Yorktown of 1781 are linked with other memories and other 
names than those of our own honored dead, and we would not, if we 
could do so with the most even hand, apportion among them the com- 
mon laurels of Washington and Rochambeau, La Fayette and Knox, De 
Grasse and Lincoln, Steuben and Hamilton. The descendants of those 
generous allies come hither to-day, welcome to open hearts and open 
homes, bearing the greeting of the Old World to the New, and the 
accordant voice of the children of the great Eepublic of Europe unites 
with that of the children of the great Republic of America in one com- 
mon anthem. 

There arc other voices, too, which, sweeping over yon wide expanse of 
waters, come to unite with ours. They come in the familiar accents of 
the mother tongue from the Saxon homes and Norman castles of the 
Fatherland which, from and before the days of Runny mede, have 
nursed and cherished in yeoman and baron the spirit of Constitutional 
liberty. One hundred years of peace and of fraternal intercourse have 
forever dissipated the angry passions and healed the wounds of that 
unhappy fratricidal w ar, and the intelligent Englishman of to-day rec- 
ognizes the 19th of October, 1781, as a mile-stone in the path our Fa- 
thers had been sent by his Fathers to this virgin land commissioned to 
tread. 

The time has passed when the erection of this Monument could be 
attributed to any spirit of vulgar exultation over the defeat of an unsuc- 
cessful enemy, or any disposition to revive and transmit memories which 
could tend to alienate us and our children from our and their kindred 
beyond the great sea. 

The event this occasion proposes to commemorate was scarcely less 
critical to British than it was to American liberty, and we are simply here 
to perpetuate the memory of heroic virtue in the successful defense of 
British birthright. Have we not then a right to claim the sympathies 
of every heart of kindred blood all over the world — and is it a mere 
delusion of our over-eager ears, which seems to catch in the distance the 
echoes of our thanksgiving songs as they are rolling back to us now o'er 
the land and the sea — from the emigrant homes of Canada — from the far 
away shores of New Zealand — from the gold fields of Australia — from 
India's coral strand — as well as from the dear old homesteads of the 
Fatherland by the Thames and the Mersey, the Clyde, the Tweed, and 
the Shannon 'I 

The committee of the United States Congress imposed upon us, my 
Brethren, a grateful oflice when we were invited, with our Ancient Rites- 
and Ceremonies, to lay the Corner-stone of this Monument. The duty 
we have performed is one of not unfrequent experience, but the privi- 
lege is rarely afforded of performing that duty under circumstances where 
all the surroundings of the occasion are so interesting and suggestive. 



44 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION, 

and the harmony of the Ceremonies with the purposes of the building 
BO beautifully appareut. 

Ours is a language of symbols. We teach morality, and enforce duty 
not merely in didactic prose, but in the poetry of allegory and parable. 
All of our Forms and Rites have attached to them a deep significance, 
and are designed for wise and useful purposes. The Ceremonies in 
which we have jnst participated, carry with them to every intelligent 
mind the reiteration of the great truth x)roclaimed from the Mount over- 
looking Gennessaret, that to build wisely or securely — either for the in- 
dividual or for the community, for time or eternit^^ — we must lay a 
foundation upon the solid rock. 

This proposed Monument is a great symbol, and designed by its pro- 
jectors in the poetry of art to inculcate to generations in the distant 
future great moral lessons of public duty, and stimulate to the cultiva- 
tion and practice of public virtue by the force of honorable and honored 
example. 

How beautifully consistent is that object with our history and tradi- 
tions, and with the sublime morality we teach. 

The theory of our institution — tbe historical accuracy of which it is 
unnecessary, and would be impossible here fully to discuss — attributes 
our organization to the wisdom of Solomon, and teaches that we are 
the custodians of valuable traditions and Rites which we have received 
in an unbroken line of descent from the architects of the Temple at 
Jerusalem. That theory assumes that the original design of the Insti- 
tution was to enforce order and morality, and to secure the efficient 
and harmonious co-operation of more than 150,000 workmen in one 
stupendous undertaking; and that this object was proposed to be ac- 
complished by appealing to no vulgar hopes or fears of mere personal 
•ease or gain. 

The undertaking in which they were engaged, the erection of a Tem- 
ple for the worship of the living God, was designed to stimulate and 
gratify the aspirations of man's higher nature. 

To that higher nature the appeal was made, and the straight paths 
of duty sought to be commended by enlightening the conscience and 
winning the heart. The plan of the organization — the principles of its 
administration — the Forms and Ceremonies of its proceedings — the signs 
and pass-words and tokens by which one Mason was enabled to know 
another in the dark as well as the light — were all so wisely selected and 
adjusted by the Master Workman to the necessities of man's moral 
nature, and to the promotion among its votaries of individual and social 
virtue, that such an Institution could not die with the occasion which 
had called it into existence. 

When the Cap-stone of the Temple had been finally set in pIa(M?, and 
the army of workmen had been disbanded, we may well imagine how 
jealously the intelligent Tyrian Mason, upon returning to his home in 
the then commercial center of the East, would have cherished and pre- 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 45 

served nny institution identified with that eventful era of his life. He 
had gone forth from his own laud under the orders of Hiram, his Kiug^ 
and accompanied by that other Hiram, son of a Tyrian father and of a 
widowed mother of the Tribe of Naidithali, that man " tilled witli wis- 
dom and understanding, and cunning to work all works in brass,'' to- 
whom the inspired Hebrew record attributes the designing and super- 
vision of all the brazen ornaments of the Temple cnst in the clay grounds 
between Succoth anil Zarthan. He had shared with his Hebrew fel- 
low-workmen iu the toil of the unfinished, and rightfully claimed some 
part and parcel of the glory of the finished Temple. If this Institution 
of ours had then been common property, we cannot doubt that the 
Tyriau Craftsman would have carried it with hiui to his seaboard home^ 
and thence transferred it through the channels of trade and commerce- 
which centered there. 

We can readily understand also how the lost Tribes of Israel in their 
captivity, and in that dispersion among the Gentiles which has never 
yet been traced, in apostatizing from their religion, could have cor- 
rupted the Institution to conform to the false faith they accepted; and 
how the Jewish captives who never returned from Babylon, could have 
concurred with the men of Tyre in perpetuating it among their surroun<l- 
ing peoples. 

But w herever the Institution went, in perpetuating a line of legiti- 
mate descent, its votaries were compelled to exact a recognition of the 
God of Israel as the Supreme Architect and Law Giver of the Universe, 
and the acceptance of the code of Sinai as the moral law of universal 
obligation, and to forbid the performance of any Masonic work without 
the presence, wide open upon the altar, of His Holy Writings — at least 
to the extent to which they were accepted and received by Solomon of 
Israel at tlie building of the Temple. 

Our theory of legitimate descent through the Babylonian exiles who 
returned under Zerubbabel, and shared the toil and honor of rebuilding 
the fallen Temple, is easily consistent with the notorious fact that among 
the false faiths of the East there have existed, and do exist, bastard 
offspring of our common ancestor, who claim with us, under hereditary 
tradition, descent from the builders of the first Temple at Jerusalem. 

If that theory be rejected it will be found extremely difficult to sug- 
gest any other Avhich can explain that undisputed and indisputable fact. 
The obligation devolves upon those who dispute the theory to indicate 
some possible period when the fiithers of these disciples of Zoroaster and 
Mohammed, these children of Ashur and Elam and Ishmael, could have- 
concurred with our fathers in accepting as common ancestors the build- 
ers of the Temple, and as a common filial obligation the perpetuation of 
an Institution commemorative of the meridian glory of Israel, and of 
the great national acknowledgment of all its people, for themselves and 
their children, claiming under them as heirs of the promises — of the 
God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob — of Bethel, of Sinai, and of 
Ebeuezer — as the one only true and living God. 



46 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

Nor is it all inconsistent with onr historic theory that we work now 
•only in Speculative Masonry. In the very outset of the Institution, 
■others than those engaged i^ractically in architectural labor must have 
been regarded as eligible for membership, for we cannot imagine that 
Solomon, King of Israel, or Hiram, King of Tyre, any more than Athel- 
stan, or Arthur, or St. Albans, the putative fathers of British Masonry, 
ever wrought only as Operative Masons. 

Our present work is Speculative Masonry only, and adoption of the 
appellative of Free and Accepted Masons, like that of our sjstera of 
Subordinate and Grand Lodge jurisdiction, is confessedly of modern 
origin. Prior thereto there was no central authority which could under- 
take to sujierintend or require the preservation of an3' record, even of 
such things as were proper or practicable to have been written. The 
perpetuation of the Institution was necessarily dependent upon indi- 
vidual Masons, and a sufficient number of them assembling together 
might at any time si)ontaneonsly organize a Lodge for the occasion only, 
and introduce new Brethren. No regular times or places for the meet- 
ing of the Brethren could have been generally practicable. They could 
not assemble without the Holy Bible, or some portion thereof, and even 
after the introduction of the arts of paper-making and printing this re- 
quirement made it impossible for stated meetings of Lodges to be held 
with any regularity, or any records of such meetings, or of rolls of the 
participants therein to be preserved, with any intelligent regard to per- 
sonal safety. When the dissemination or custody of the Holy Word 
was a criminal offense, an Institution which required the i^resence of 
that Word at every assembling of the Craft and every known member 
of the Craft must have been a natural object of suspicion with the au- 
thorities of the despotic government. 

It is not remarkable, therefore, that we cannot verify onr ancient, or 
even our more modern, traditions by historical evidence. And it must 
be conceded that these traditions, in their transmission through so many 
years, by mere oral communication from one brother to another, come 
to ns under circumstances which justify some skeptical doubt as to the 
«xact verity of many of them. 

As to some of our modern traditions, however, we have abundant war- 
xant from profane history to sustain them. The existence during the 
middle ages throughout all Europe of societies of architects, correspond- 
ing to our traditions of the days when our fathers wrought in Operative 
Masonry, and of the work of those societies in the construction of public 
edifices, very harmonious with our theory of the work of our primal fathers 
upon the Temple at Jerusalem, is a fact beyond disi)ute. A standard 
Encyclopaedia, in speaking of these societies, says : " They were composed 
of members from Italy, Germany, The Netherlands, France, England, 
Scotland, and other countries (sometimes even from Greece), and united 
under very similar constitutions — for instance, at the erection of the con- 
vent of Batalha, in Portugal, about 1400; of the minster of Strasburg, 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 47 

1015 to 14;'.!); tlifit of Cologne, OoOaiul 1211 to 13(35 ; of the Cathedral of 
JMeisseii, in the lentli century;* of the Cathedral of Mihni, the Convent of 
Monte Cassino, and of tlie most remarkable buildings of the British 
Isles." Among these " remarkable buildings of the British Isles," it is a 
prominent fact in British history, perpelnatedby the inscription upon his 
tombstone under the choir of St. Paul's, '■^Lector si AfonumentmnqiiferiSj 
circumsijice,^- that that venerable Cathedral rose from the ashes of the 
great fire of 1663, under the sujiervising genius of oui- illustrious Brother, 
Christopher Wren, then Grand Master of Masons in P^ngland. 

As to some of our more ancient traditions, if skei)tical doubts extend 
to the substance, they must go farther than merely to attribute innocent 
mistakings to some of the intermediaries through whom we have received 
them. If they be entirely untrue, there nuist have been aconsinring to- 
gether at some time of many minds to impose falsehood as truth u]){)n all 
who would accept from them our mysteries. The mere couceptiou of 
such a fraud must have been the work of some wonderful genius, some 
mightier master of allegory than Bunyan; and its no less wonderful suc- 
cess the joint work of himself and co-conspirators — all of whom must 
have enjoyed at least reputable characters among their associates, for the 
only avowed purpose or conceivable object of tlie fraud was to inculcate 
through all coming time the loftiest human morality. Whether it re- 
quires more credulity to believe in the conception and success of such a 
fraud, perpetrated by such men for such an object, or to accept the tradi- 
tions as truthful so far as human memory, unaided by any contemporary 
records could preserve ami transmit them, we Jieed not now stop to 
discuss. 

In the days when the ownership of a single coi)y of the Bible was a 
privilege which few could hope to attain, and none to enjoy without 
hazard, w^e may well imagine how eagerly the seclusion of the Lodge- 
Eoom, and the facilities there afforded for reading and studying the 
inspired volume, would have been sought by many very earnest incjuifers 
after the Truth. That every Lodge-Boom in which the great Light of 
Masonry shone from the altar should be the nursery of liberal thought 
and charitable opinion miglit naturally be expected. The intelligent 
mind which cordially accepted the beautiful tenets of our profession and 
its law of love and charity as the rule of human conduct, could not be 
neutral in any struggle for the rights of individual conscience, assailed by 
the fires of persecution. And we cannot deny, but we may glory in the 
concession, that in this manner our Institution has performed no useless 
oflfice in the great battles of civil and religious liberty, and that the grand 
army of martyrs has been recruited to no inconsiderable extent from 
the ranks of our brethren of those by-gone days. 

Persecution necessarily provokes concert of action among its threatened 
victims, and no concert of action can be had except under some veil of 
secrecv. It is not remarkable, therefore, that in those davs secret socie- 
ties abounded, but it wonld have been remarkable if all of them had 



48 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

been instituted and fostered for laudable purposes. Many of tliem^ 
probably, did contribute to turbulence, and disloyalty to the State in its 
legitimate sphere of action, and it was not unnatural that all of these socie- 
ties should have been confounded together, and, the offendings of the 
guilty should have been sometimes imputed to the guiltless. 

Whether the evil which was done or threatened by some of these socie- 
ties was not more than counterbalanced by the good which was done or 
proposed to be done by the others, is a question upon which even now 
there may be no little dispute, even among those who would be glad to 
hold Masonry responsible for all the evil. 

But if the existence of these societies did justify the hostility of 
despotic governments to all secret societies, and the opposition to them 
entertained by many individuals now, our Institution ought not to come 
under the ban of the censnre. 

It is possible — ay, very probable— that in those days when there was 
no superintendiug authority — when a few individual Masons might form 
a Lodge, and each Lodge interpret for itself the law of the ancient 
landmarks, Masonry was sometimes perverted by the mistaken zeal of 
brethren who were the victims of persecution, into a political engine. 
But this w^as the fault of individuals, and not of the Institution. Its 
fundamental teachings all forbade the use of the Institution for anj" such 
purpose, and its perversion to such puri^ose would have been readily 
avoided if any supervising (irand Lodge could have been then estab- 
lished. 

But whatever objections might have been justly urged against Masonry 
as a secret society in those days, none of them exist now. 

All of our Lodges now are under the control of a supervising Grand 
Lodge, which declares and construes the law, and enforces its observance^ 
and no number of Masons can asseuilile for any Masonic work without 
the authority of a warrant from some Grand Lo<lge. 

Ours is in no just sense a secret society. It is a confidential society. 
The times and places of our meetings, our purposes and objects, our roll 
of membership, our code of morals — are all publicly known and avowed. 
Our membership embraces men of every grade of respectable society, 
every sect of religion, every shade of political opinion, and it is the privi- 
lege of every member of one Lodge in good standing with his own Lodge 
to attend any of the meetings of sister Lodges. 

Our code of morals is known and understood to be the same which is. 
proclaimed from every Christian pulpit and Hebrew synagogue when- 
ever the people are assembled for the worship of the living God. 

Every Mason is especially enjoined to be a peaceable subject or citizen, 
and never to allow himself to be involved in riots or conspiracies against 
the public peace and the welfare of the nation. 

Our Brethren, who live under monarchical governments, where the 
State is represented by an individual, are accustomed to emphasize their 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 4 

recognitiou of this obli<;ation by electiug as their Grand Master the 
reiguiug monarch, if a Mason, and if he be not, the heir apparent, if he 
be, and thus inviting in advance his oflicial approval of all Masonic ac- 
tion. 

It is with them a practice, which beautifully harmonizes the reverence 
of Masonry for liberty and order — for while Masonry regards no man 
for his mere worldly wealth and honors, she does teach, as a cardinal 
civil virtue, loyalty to the State; and while she invests the representa- 
tive of the State with her highest honors, that representative accepts 
and wears them as of her free and sovereign choice. 

With us no such practice can be needed or observed; but the sugges- 
tion of the practice naturally recalls an interesting incident in our na- 
tional and Masonic history, when the President of the United States ap- 
peared at the head of a Masonic procession, clad in Masonic clothing, 
to perform the same Masonic office which you. Most Worshipful Grand 
Master, have this day performed. The contemporary journals of the day 
record the proceedings in Washington City, on the 18th September, 
1793, at the laying of the corner-stone of the first capitol of the United 
States, when George Washington, then President of the United States, 
in concert with the Grand Lodge of Maryland, several Lodges under its. 
jurisdiction, and his own Viroiuia Lodge No. 22, of Alexandria, of which, 
he had been Worshipful Master, laid that corner-stone, with all our an- 
cient ceremonies. 

When the Grand Lodge of Virginia assumed the performance of this- 
duty, in looking forward to this day, it anticipated the promised pres- 
ence and co-operation of our distinguished Brother, the then President 
of the United States. 

In the inscrutable Providence of Almighty God he is not here. The 
wail of a people, from Ocean to Ocean, and from Gulf to Lake, in their 
recent sorrow at his untimely end, and their mighty wrath at "the deep 
damnation of his taking off," has scarcely died upon the ear. At high 
noon of a life which had manifested the largest capacity for public use- 
fulness, and the highest public virtue — with his designs all unexecuted, 
upon the great trestle board which the people of this Union, m their 
confiding faith, had committed to him — the fell hand of the assassin has 
struck him down ; and, though fifty millions of people would have rallied 
to his rescue, in the suddenness of his peril there was no help for the 
Widow's Son. He has gone down to a grave watered with the tears of 
a nation of mourners — but he lives, and will live in the hearts and the 
memories of his people — and around our altars the story of his life and 
death, so beautifully harmonious with our legendary traditions, will be 
told for generations yet to come, not only with the pride of fellow-citi- 
zenship, but with the deeper and tenderer interest which thrills the 
heart at mention of "the household name of one whom God has taken." 

But in his own grandly eloquent words upon a similar occasion: 
"Clouds and darkness are round about Him. His pavilion is dark wa- 
S. Eep. 1003 4 



50 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

ters and thick clouds of the skies. Justice and judgment are the estab- 
lishment of his throne. Mercy and truth shall go before His face. God 
reigns, and the Government at Washington still lives." 

Our Brother is dead, but our President lives, and honors this occasion 
with his presence to-day. And to you, sir, as the Constitutional Execu- 
tive of our common country, we tender the assurance that in the dis- 
charge of the delicate duties of your bigh office, you will receive from 
every intelligent Mason, who is faithful to the tenets of his profession, 
all that sympathy and support which good citizenship can require or 
pure patriotism can suggest; and we pledge you the whole moral weight 
of our Institution, as well in this land of the South as in that of the North 
— as well along this Atlantic Seaboard, as in the Great Valley beyond 
and upon the far-off Pacific shores — to secure for your Administration 
the aid and co-operation of the whole body of the people, in your every 
effort to make that Administration redound to the honor and glory of 
the People, the maintenance of the Constitution, and the preservation 
of the Union. 

Since the establishment of our present system of Grand Lodges — now 
more than one hundred and fifty years gone by — records of all things 
proper to be written have been generally preserved. The character of 
any institution — especially one like ours— ^can be only fairly estimated 
by the character of the men who have been its directors and upholders. 
Our rolls of membership may not be entirely complete, but they are 
abundantly enough so to show that they have embraced all the while 
names which commanded the respect and homage of their contempora- 
ries, for moral worth and public and private usefulness. Naturally 
enough, it is rich in names of men of liberal thought, who have cham- 
pioned the advance of Constitutional right. 

Especially is this the case in our own country — in her later Colonial 
history and the earlier days of Independence. We have remaining 
records of various army Lodges, traveling with the army, and composed 
to a large extent of the most prominent and esteemed officers in the 
Continental service. 

When, in September, 1774, the Continental Congress assembled in 
Philadelphia to consolidate the Colonies, for the purpose of remon- 
strance against the aggressions of Parliament, and of warning of the 
inevitable consequences of persistence therein, that Assembly of anx- 
ious patriots began their deliberations by selecting as their presiding 
officer, our Peyton Randolph. 

When the futility of remonstrance had been demonstrated, and the 
hour for resistance had come, it was our Paul Revere who made that 
historic midnight ride to summon the yeomanry of Massachusetts to 
meet the coming foe and "welcome the invaders, with bloody hands, to 
hospitable graves." 

When Lexington and Concord had inaugurated the Revolution, and 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 51 

John Adams arose upon the floor of Congress to nominate a commander- 
in-chief of our armies, lie gave voice to the unanimous sentiment which 
centered upon our peerless Washington. 

Bunker Hill sent out her message of defiance, and of assurance that 
America could not be conquered, sealed with the life-blood of our War- 
ren. 

It was our Franklin who, after signing the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, was sent abroad as the representative of the struggling States at 
the Court of France, through whom was negotiated the Treaty of Al- 
liance with France, which insured our success and the final Treaty of 
Peace with Great Britain, which recognized it. 

It was the fall of our Montgomerj^ upon the Heights of Abraham 
which sealed the disastrous result of the Canadian campaign; and at 
the price of the life of our Mercer, the victory at Princeton was achieved. 

It was our La Fayette who, at the sacrifice of ease and fortune at 
home, came to us with the first message of practical sympathy from 
abroad; shared all the burdens and vicissitudes of our fortunes; as 
the boy-General in command of our forces, baffled the advance of Corn- 
wallis, compelled his occupation of York, and shared the laurels of his 
final surrender. 

When the war had closed in triumph, and the agony of the succeed- 
ing crisis had passed, and the people of these States had ordained the 
establishment of this Union, and had elected the officers to execute their 
will, and the President of their choice came forward to take the oath 
of ofl&ce before the assembled Congress, in New York City, three cen- 
tral objects stood out upon the canvas. 

The President was our own Washington, pledging the acceptance of 
his high office and the exercise of all its functions and x)Owers in sub- 
ordination to the law of the land, and verifying the sincerity of that 
pledge by a reverent appeal to the God of the Bible, in the forms of 
law, before an officer of the law. That officer of the law was the Chan- 
cellor of the State of New York, our Most Worshipful Brother Eobert 
E. Livingston, Grand Master of Masons in the State of New York. 
The Holy Bible, upon which the first President impressed his lips, was 
then brought, for this occasion, from the altar of St. John's Lodge, No. 
1, of New York City, and is still sacredlj-^ preserved by that ancient 
Lodge. 

If this Corner stone could have been laid when the Continental Con- 
gress proposed that it should have been, and the duty we have per- 
formed had been then devolved upon this Grand Lodge of Virginia, 
the exalted position now occupied by you so worthily, my Most Wor- 
sbipful Brother, would have been tilled by John Blair, the associate of 
Washington and Madison in the Convention which framed the Consti- 
tution of the United States, and their only associate who concurred 
with them in commending that Constitution to the acceptance of 



52 TORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

the people of Virginia, who was subsequently, by the appointment of 
the President and confirmation of the Senate, one of the first judges 
of the Supreme Court of the United States; and around him as repre. 
sentatives of the Craft of Virginia would have been gathered George 
Washington, Edmund Eandolph, and John Marshall. 

New Hamsphire would have sent her John Sullivan; Massachusetts, 
her Henry Knox; Connecticut, her Israel Putnam; Rhode Island, her 
William Barton ; New York, her Eobert E. Livingston, De Witt Clinton, 
Daniel D. Tompkins, and Morgan Lewis; New Jersey, her Aaron 
Ogden; Pennsylvania, her Benjamin Franklin; Maryland, her Otho 
H. Williams; North Carolina, her Eichard Caswell and Williamson E. 
Davie; South Carolina, her Mordecai E. Gist; Georgia, her James 
Jackson ; and our generous allies, their La Fayette and Steuben. 

Fresh from the agonies and trials of the Ee volution, with the scars 
of battle and the laurels of victory^, they would have come to symbolize 
in this memorial shaft the stern virtues by which victory had been 
achieved and Independence won. Planting it here where it could over- 
look the sea, they would have made it luminous with words of cheer and 
hope to every people struggling up the hill of Constitutional Liberty 
as it pointed with the light of experience the assured pathway to the 
summit; and for us and for ours with words of tender precatory warn- 
ing that by the practice and observance of the virtues by which Inde- 
pendence was won, and by that means only could the blood-bought in- 
heritance be retained and transmitted unimpaired to our children and 
our children's children. 

That message as it was intended for us, enforced by our own grateful 
experience of one hundred years, we come here for them to send sound- 
ing down the ages. 

The Corner-stone has been laid, and it only remains for the workmen 
now to jiile high the shaft and fit it for the Cap-stone. God speed them 
in the blessed work. For, when it is complete, it will stand for genera- 
tions yet to come, speaking thus from graves over which the Acacia will 
never cease to bloom, in a voice which will command audience : 

We have built these institutions of American Liberty upon no shifting 
sands of temporary expediency, but upon the Eternal Koch of political right 
and truth, and in the conservation and preservation of them — Have Faith — 
Have Hope — Have Charity — and the rains may descend — the floods may 
come — the winds may bloiv and beat upon them ; but they will not fall — 
for they are founded upon the Rock. 



GRAND FANTASIA. 

"International Congress," "Sousa," 
By the Marine Band, conducted by Mr. J. Philip Sousa. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 53 



4 P. M. 

CONCERT. 

AT GRAND STAND, MONUMENT SITE, BY THE [FIRST UNITED) STATES ARTILLERY 
BAND, CARL KREYER, LEADER. 

1. March — "Adjutant Davis" Kreyei; 

2. Overture — " Der Tambour du Garde " Tilt. 

3. Waltz— Pluie d'Or Waldtenfel. 

4. Cornet Solo— De Berist's 5tli Air Price. 

5. Paraphrase — "How Fair Thou Art" Nesvadba. 

6. Selection — Trovatore Verdi. 

7. Danse — Des Sultanes Polak Daniels. 

8. Waltz— Flots de Joies Waldtenfel. 

9. Overture — "Lespoir de 1' Alsace" Herman. 

10. Galop — Maraschino Lee. 

4 P. M. 

AT STAND, MILITARY CAMP, BY THE COLUMBIA (SOUTH CAROLINA) SILVER CORNET 
BAND, A. D. PALMER, LEADER. 

1. Quickstep — " Thirteenth Regiment " Cogswell. 

2. Andante and Waltz — "Emma" Boyer. 

3. Overture— " Rip Van Winkle" Brooks. 

4. Polka— "Clarinda" Keller, 

5. Quickstep— "Eighth Regiment" Chambers. 

6. Waltz—" Blue Danube " Strauss. 

7. Overture — " Mixed Candy" Caywood. 

8. Galop — Inauguration Bipley. 

9. Overture— "Pea Nuts" Southwell. 

10, ' ' Washington Grays " Graffula. 

7.30 P. M. 

PTHOTEGHNIG DISPLAY. 
From a boat moored in the York River. J. W. Bond, Pyrotechnist, Baltimore. 

1. Aerial Shells, Colored. 2. Flight of Heavy Colored Rockets. 

3. "Welcome." 

4. Shells and Rockets. 5. Battery. 

6. Flight Rockets. 7. Shells. 

8. Pyramid. 

9. Battery. 10. Chinese Sun. 

11. Polka Dance. 12. Shells and Rockets. 

13. Blooming Dahlia. 

14. Battery. 15. Dancing Devils. 

16. Rockets and Shells. 17. Cascade. 

18. Rockets and Shells. 
19. Tableau—" Tribute to the Thirteen." 

8.30 P. M. 

PROMENADE CONCERT AND HOP. 

RECEPTION HALL, SECOND U. S. ARTILLERY BAND, LUIGI FERRARI, LEADER. 

1. Grand March Graffula. 

2. Overture—" Masaneillo " Auber. 

3. Waltz—' ' La Plue d'Or " Waldtenfel. 



54 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

4. PoTPOURi — Liederkranz Carl, 

5. Lanciers— " New York" Weingarten. 

6. Quartette — " Lucie de Lammermoor" Donizetti. 

7. Galop— " Racquette " Simons. 

8. PoTPOURi— " Boccacio" - Supp^. 

9. Waltz— " To Thee " WaUienfel. 

10. POTPOURI—" Martha" Flotow. 

11. Polka— " Levy-Athen " (Cornet Solo) Levy. 

Wednesday, October 19. 

9 A. M. 

OPE N- AIM CONCERT. 

AT GRAND STAND, MONUMENT SITE, BY THE MARINE BAND, WASHINGTON, MR. J. 
PHILIP SOUSA, CONDUCTOR : MR. S. PETROLA, ASSISTANT. 

1. Overture — ' ' Les Dragoons de Villars " ;-r . . . Maillart. 

2. Selection—" Billee Taylor " Solomons. 

3. Duett for Two Cornets — "Swiss Boy" •. Bent. 

Performed by Messrs. Jaeger and Petrola. 

4. Potpouri— " Madame Favart " Offenbach. 

5. Waltz—" Pastoral Songs " Basquit. 

6. Caprice— "Turkish" Bendel. 

7. Garotte — "Myrrha" Sousa. 

8. Fantasia — "Grand Duchess" Offenbach. 

9. Galop— "Tout a la Joie" Fahrbach. 

at stand, military camp, by the fifth REGIAIENT MARYLAND NATIONAL GUARD 

BAND, A. ITZEL, LEADER. 

1. March — " Yorktown Centennial " Itzel. 

Dedicated to the Yorktown Centennial Commission. 

2. Overture— "Yubel" Bach. 

3. Turkish Patrol—" The Night Watch " Gretr^j, 

4. HuMORESKA — (An old German song, as it would have been treated by Bach, 

Strauss, Lully, Verdi, Weber, and Wagner) Scherz- 

5. "The Hussars' Raid" Sjnndler. 

6. Overture — " Comique " Keler Bela. 

7. Valse — " Talisman" Lannor. 

8. Introduction and Bridal Chorus — " Lohengrin " Wagnei-. 

9. Overture — ' ' Crown Diamonds " Auber. 

10. Galop — ' ' Turque " Poloc-Daniels. 



EXERCISES ON THE 19TR OF OCTOBER. 
(Centennial Anniversary of the Surrender of Lord Cornwallis.) 

At 11 a. m. the assembly was called to order by Hon. JolinW. John- 
ston, chairman of the Congressional Commission, and the ceremonies 
proceeded in the following order: 

overture. 
Fest Lentnof. 

By the United States Marine Band, conducted byBrof. J. Philip Sousa. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 55 

PRAYER BY REV. WILLIAM L. HARRIS, D. D. L. L. D., OF NEW YORIT. 

(Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church.) 

O Lord, our Lord, how excellent is Thy name iu all the earth. Thou 
hast been onr dwelliug place in all generations. Before the mountains 
were brought forth, or ever Thou hadst formed the earth and the world, 
even from everlasting to everlasting Thou art God. Thou art the sov- 
ereign of all worlds ; the King eternal, immortal, and invisible ; the 
only wise God, infinite in all Thy perfections and glorious in all Thy 
ways. Thou rulest in the armies of Heaven and among the children of 
men. Thou settest up one and puttest down another as seemeth good 
in Thy sight, and without Thee nothing is wise or strong or good. Thou 
art unsearchable, and Thy ways past finding out, still Thou hast not left 
Thyself without witness, for Thou hast declared Thyself — the wisdom 
and power and goodness — in the works of Thy hands, in the ways of 
Thy providence and in the teachings and revelations of Thy most holy 
word. 

Thou, O Lord, wast our father's God, and w^e will pi-aise Thee ; Thou 
art our God, and we will adore and worship Thee. Thou hast been very 
gracious to us as a people in all our history. Thou hast not dealt so 
with any nation; and as Thou didst appoint divers observ-ances for Thine 
ancient people, and didst command them to make jiublic thanksgiving 
to Thee for the many and great deliverances wrought out for them in the 
overthrow of their enemies, and in other ways in all their journeyings 
from the house of their bondage to the promised land, so we desire this 
day, as becometh us at all times and in all places, to give thanks unto 
Thee O Lord, holy Father, Almighty ev^erlasting God. Glory be to the 
Father^ and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost ; as it was in the begin- 
ning, is now, and ever shall be, w^orld without end. 

In the ceremonies of this day, we commemorate and celebrate the 
closing conflict of the long and bloody struggle of the American Ee volu- 
tion, through whose baptism of fire and blood there came to this land 
the political independence of these United States ; and on this day of 
centennial observances we ofter and present unto Thee, O Lord, our 
most hearty thanks for this crowning victory achieved on this field, and 
for all the blessings* and benefits, civil, social, domestic, and religious, 
which we, as a free, prosperous, and happy people, have so richly en- 
joyed for these hundred years. 

We thank Thee, that the lines have thus fallen to us in pleasant places, 
and that we have a goodly heritage, a heritage of priceless cost and of 
untold value, with its wide domain of mountain and valley, of forest 
and field and flood, a heritage of freedom forever. 

We thank Thee for the wisdom which guided our fathers in the organi- 
zation of our governmejit, and in laying broad and deep the foundations 



56 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

of our civil iustitutioiis, so as to secure the establishmeut and perpetuity 
of popular civil government, and the priceless boon of civil and religious 
libertj^ to us and to all tlie coining millions of this land. 

For these and for all other, Thy benefits, we render unto Thee this day 
most hearty praise and thanksgiving. 

And, O Lord, while we thus offer unto Thee our tribute of praise and 
thanksgiving, we would at the same time lift up our hearts and our 
voices together, in most devout and earnest prayer to Thee for the con- 
tinuance of Thy most gracious favor to us ; that the rich inheritance be- 
queathed to us by our fathers and which we now possess, may be per- 
petuated unimpaired to us and to our children, and to our children's 
children, to the latest generations of men. In order to this, may we 
always revere Thy law and keep Thy commandments, and never, in even 
the most secret chambers of our souls, say who is the Lord that we 
should obey his voice. May we do justly, love mercy, and walk humbly 
with God. May all discord and strife, whether sectional or otherwise, 
come to an end and be buried out of our sight and be forgotten forever. 
May all the people be of one spirit and ])urpose to maintain and defend 
our free institutions in their integrity and purity. In Thine over-ruling 
providence by which Thou dost restrain the wrath of man, and cause 
the remainder of wrath to praise Thee, do Thou utterly confound and 
defeat all the plans and schemes of selfish, designing, and wicked men ', 
and a pure, unselfish, and unspotted patriotism inspire all the people, 
whether they move in high or humble spheres. 

This land, O Lord, is still bowed down under an unwonted burden of 
grief, brought upon us by the untimely death of our late beloved, hon- 
ored, and revered Chief Magistrate. While this great sorrow casts its 
long and dark shadow over this land, and over all lands, may it be not 
all darkness to us, but may its gleams of light, begotten of faith in Thee 
and hope in Thy promises, be multiplied, until it shall become to us 
with the Divine benediction and the Divine blessing. Sanctify this 
sore bereavement to the good of a sorrowing nation ; and do Thou 
grant thy special sustaining grace in this hour of 'her great trial to the 
stricken widow, to the aged and afflicted mother, and to the fatherless 
children of our late President. 

And we beseech Thee, O Lord, send down Thy heavenly blessings 
upon Thy servant the President of these United States. May he be 
plentifully endowed with the wisdom that is from above, which is pure 
and peaceable, gentle and easy to be entreated, full of mercy and good 
fruits, without partiality and without hypocrisy, so that he may be 
rightly and wisely led in the great office to which he is called ; and tfeat 
in the exceedingly important, delicate, and difficult duties inseparable 
from the faithful execution of his high trust, he may guide our affairs 
with discretion and rule this laud in righteousness. 

And may Thy special grace and blessing be witli all who are in au- 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 57 

thority iu this uatiou ; upon tbe Supreme Court, upon tlie Senate, and 
upon the House of Kepresentatives ; upon the members of the Cabinet, 
and upon all who occupy places of trustor of honor in our general gov- 
ernment; upon our Army and Navy; upon our sailors and soldiers; 
upon all State and municipal governments; that all our rulers maynde 
in Thy fear and with an eye single to the greatest good of the people, 
and to the greatest glory of Thy holy name. 

We commend to Thee aud to Thy most gracious favor her Eoyal 
Majesty Queen Victoria and the people over whom she has ruled so 
long and so wisely and well. May the chain of friendship now binding 
these two great nations — the United States and Great Britain — together 
never be broken. 

We invoke Thy si)ecial grace and favor on the Eepublic of France ; 
and we most sincerely and devoutly pray that her efforts to establish 
])opular ment on stable foundations may be crowned with speedy 

and complete success; and that the people, whose sympathies, sacri- 
fices, and services were so helpful to us in our struggle for liberty, may 
receive and enjoy the fullest fruition of civil and religious freedom as 
long as the sun and moon endure, throughout all generations. 

We pray for our distinguished guests who honor us with their pres- 
ence, and who have come to us across the sea, to share in the ceremo- 
nies and festivities of the day which the valor of their fathers so greatly 
aided to make memorable and illustrious in the annals of this country 
and in the history of the world. When they shall have accomplished the 
purposes of their visit to us, be pleased to protect them from the i)erils 
of the sea as they return to their own lands, and grant them in health 
aud i)rosperity long to live, and after death to gain eternal life through 
Jesus Christ our Lord. 

We would on this festal day pray for all rulers and for all peoples of 
all lands, making the scope of our supplications wide as Thine eternal 
love. May every yoke be broken ; may every burden be unbound, and 
may theoppressed of all lands go free. So rale and overrule in the 
affairs of men that all civil governments may be a terror to evil doers and 
a praise to them that do well ; and may they all be guided and admin- 
istered in completest harmony with the principles and interests of the 
kingdom of Thy dear sou, that so the kingdoms of this world may 
speedily become the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ, that He 
may reign forever and ever. 

Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be tliy name. Thy king- 
dom come. Th}^ will be done in earth as it is in Heaven. Give us this 
day our daily bread. And forgive us our trespasses as we forgive them 
that trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver 
us from evil : For Thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory 
forever. Amen. 



58 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

CENTENNIAL HYMN. 

Words by Charles Poindexter. Music by J. E. Schmolzer. 

(Rendered by the chorus of voices under Professor Seigel.) 

Our fathers' God, who ou these plains 
Of old gave victory to our land, 
This day in gracious favor deigns 
To bless the labor of our hand. 
To Him let us our voices raise. 
In lofty hymns and notes of praise 
Our grateful homage pay. 

His was the strength that nerved their heart 
In faith of battle for the right, 
He did the wisdom high impart 
That baffled all the foeman's might. 
And gave our land in days of yore 
Deliv'rance strong from trouble sore 
Of war and bitter strife. 

Built on foundation strong and deep 
The starry pointing shaft we rear, 
The form of mighty deeds to keep 
And tell to every coming year. 
So let us in our hearts upraise 
A monument of those brave days 
Of faith and victory. 

ADDRESS. 

By His Excellency Chester A. Arthur, President of the United States. 



ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. 

Upon this soil one hundred years ago our forefathers brought to a suc- 
cessful issue their heroic struggle for independence. Here and then 
was established, and as we trust made secure upon this continent for 
ages yet to come, that principle of government which is the very fiber 
of our political system — the sovereignty of the people. 

The resentments which attended and for a time survived the clash of 
arms have long since ceased to animate our hearts. It is with no feeling 
of exultation over a defeated foe that to-day we summon up a remem- 
brance of those events which have made holy thegrouud whereon we tread. 
Surely no such unworthy sentiment could find harbor in our hearts, so 
profoundly thrilled with exi)ressious of sorrow and sympathy which our 
national bereavement has evolved from the people of England and their 
august sovereign. 

But it is altogether fitting that we shoidd gather here to refresh our 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 59 

souls with the contemplation of the unfaltering patriotism, the sturdy 
zeal, and the sublime faith which achieved the results we now commem- 
orate. For so if we learn aright the lesson of the hour, shall we be 
incited to transmit to the generations which shall follow the precious 
legacy which our fathers left to us, the love of liberty protected by law. 

Of that historic scene which we here celebrate no feature is more 
prominent and none more touching than the participation of our gallant 
allies from across the seas. It was their noble and generous aid, ex- 
tended in the direst period of the struggle, which sped the coming of 
our triumph, and made the capitulation of Yorktown possible a century 
ago. To their descendants and representatives, who are here present 
as the honored guests of the nation, it is my glad duty to offer cordial 
welcome. 

You have a right to ishare with us the associations which cluster about 
the day when 3 our fathers fought side by side with our fathers in the 
cause which was here crowned with success ; and none of the memories 
awakened by this anniversary are more grateful to us all than the re- 
flection that the national friendships here so closely cemented have out- 
lasted the mutations of a changeful century. God grant, my country- 
men, that they may ever remain unshaken, and that ever henceforth^ 
with ourselves and with all the nations of the earth, we may be at 
j)eace ! 

At the conclusion of his address, Hon. John W. Johnston, chairman 
of the Congressional Commission, conducted the President to the chair 
as presiding ofQcer during the remaining ceremonies of the day. 



RESPONSES BY REPRESENTATIVES OF THE FRENCH ANI> 

GERMAN GUESTS. 

RESPONSE OF M- MAXIME OUTREY, 

ENVOY EXTRAOKDiINAUY AXD MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY Ol' FRANCE. 

The French Government has felt much touched by the friendly sen- 
timents which inspired the United States with the thought of asking 
France to participate in the celebration of the Yorktown Centennial, and 
heartily desires to respond in a manner worthy of both republics to the 
invitation sent by the President of the United States in behalf of the 
people of America. The manifestations of public sympathy following 
the initiative taken by tlfe Congress of the United States, bidding France 
to this national festival, have been looked upon by us not only as an 
act of the highest courtesy, but especially as a mark of affectionate 
regard, having the noble aim of cementing yet more closely the ties 
which unite the two republics. 



60 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

In coinmemoration of this clay, wbicli rej)resents one of the grandest 
events of the political existence of this country, the French Government 
has sent a mission composed of special delegates from different depart" 
ments, and the President of the French Eepiiblic, wishing' to mark his 
personal sympathy, has sent one of his own aids-de-camp. They thus 
desire to show particularly their appreciation of the graceful compliment 
paid to our country. 

Each and all of us are proud of having been called to the honor of 
representing France on this auspicious day. 

The monument which is here to be erected will not only recall a glori- 
ous victory; it will perpetuate the recollections of an ever-faithful alli- 
ance, faithful through the trials and vicissitudes of an eventful century; 
and, as the President of the French Eepublic has so truly said, it will 
consecrate the union sprung from generous and liberal aspirations, and 
which the institutions we now boast of in common must necessarily 
strengthen and develop for the good of both countries. 

In coming to this Yorktown Centennial, we come to celebrate the day 
which ended that long and bitter struggle against a great nation, now 
our mutual ally and friend, who here, as under all skies where her flag 
has floated, has left ineffaceable marks of her grand spirit. We come 
to celebratpi the glorious date when the heroes of independence were 
able to set their final seal to the solemn proclamation of the Fourth of 
July, 1776. 
• We come also to salute the dawn of that era of prosperity when, 
led by her great men, America permitted the intelligence of her people 
to soar and their energy to manifest itself, and thus the power of the 
United States has strengthene<l, and every year has added to the pres- 
tige which surrounds her star-spangled banner —when France brought 
from beyond the seas the co-operation of her army and of her navy 
to this valiant people engaged in a war for its independence. When 
La Fayette, Eochambeau, De Grasse, and so many others drew in their 
footsteps the young and brave scions of our most illustrious families, 
they yielded to a generous impulse and came with disinterested cour- 
age to sustain the cause of liberty. A blessing went with their endeavors 
and gave success to their arms ; and when one hundred years ago, the 
French and the Americans grasped each others' hands at Yorktown, they 
realized that they had helped to lay the corner-stone of a great edifice. 

But surely the most far-sighted among those men would have startled 
had he been able to look down the long vista of a century, and see at 
this end this rei)ublic, theu young and struggling with all the ditficulties 
which surrounded her, now calm, radiant, and beaming with her halo 
of prosperity. * 

The great Washington himself, whose genius foresaw the destiny of 
this country, could not have predicted this. Truly the United States 
have made, especially in these latter years, gigantic strides along the 
route to still greater progress by showing to the world what can be 
accomplished by an energetic and intelligent nation, always as respect- 



YORKTDWN CELEBRATION. 61 

ful of its duties as jealous of its riglits. America lias giveu a great ex- 
ample, and has been a cause of rejoicing to all true lovers of liberty. 

France is proud of having contributed to found this great republic, 
and her wishes for your prosperity are deep and sincere. Our mutual 
friendship is founded on many affinities of taste and aspirations which 
time cannot destroy, and future generations I trust will assist again in 
this same place at the spectacle, unprecedented in history, of two great 
nations renewing from century to century, a compact of fraternal and 
imperishable affection. 

I will not close without thanking the Federal Government, the differ- 
ent States of the Union of which the delegation have been the guests, 
and the people of America for the sympathy and welcome extended to 
the representatives of France. Each of us will treasure the recollection 
of American hospitality and of the friendly sentiments which have been 
manifested to us in every place and in every sphere. 



[Translated. ] 
RESPONSE OF THE MARQUIS DE EOCHAMBEAIT. 

Citizens op the United States : You have invited us to cele- 
brate with you the great achievement of arms, and we did not hesitate 
to brave the terrors of the ocean to say to you that what our fathers 
and brothers did in 1781, we, their sons, would be willing to do to-da;f, 
and to attest our constant friendship, and to further show that we cher- 
ish the same sentiments that our fathers did in the glorious days we 
celebrate. In the name of my companions who represent here the men 
who fought in 1781, permit me to hope that the attachment formed in 
those days around this monument which is about to be erected will be 
renewed one hundred j'ears hence, and that our descendants will again 
celebrate the victory whichjoined our fathers in comradeship and alliance. 



[Translated.] 
RESPONSE OF COLONEL VON STEUBEN- 

Mr. President : In the words of welcome to your foreign guests 
which you have just uttered, you remembered and mentioned in kind 
terms the family of Von Steuben. I assure you that as soon as the 
tidings of our hearty enthusiastic reception in this country, following 
the friendly invitation to us by the President of the United States were 
received in the old fatherland, there was heartfelt rejoicing among all 
classes in every part of our country. It was a new and striking evi- 
dence of the common symi)athy that existed between the American and 
German peoples. It proves, too, that the American people, which thus 
appreciates and hastens to honor the great dead, stands at the height of 



62 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

civilization aud culture. Only this morning I received a cablegram 
from my couutry with hearty congratulations upon this happy commem- 
oration day so important in the history of the United States, and I be- 
lieve, Mr. President, that I may express to you the sincere congratula- 
tions of the whole German people and of the German Government upon 
this auspicious day. 

Permit me also, Mr. President, to return you, for all our Von Steuben 
family, the warmest thanks of our full hearts — thanks which I cannot 
adequately express—for the boundless hospitality and for the cordial 
greetings which we have met on every hand at every step from the hour 
of our landing until you crowned the whole with your welcome to us as 
representatives of our great kinsman. 1 can only say to you, a^ain 
and again, We thank you. 



CENTENNIAL ODE. 

Words by Paul H. Hayne, of South Carolina; music by J. Mosenthal, rendered by 
the chorus under Professor Seigel, the accompaniment by the Marine Band. 



Hark! hark! down the century's long-reaching slope, 

To those transports of triumph — those raptures of hope ! 

The voices of Main and of Mountain combined, 

In glad resonance borne on the wings of the wind ; 

The bass of the drum, and the trumpet that thrills 

Through the multiplied echoes of jubilant hills! 

And mark! how the years, melting upward like mist, 

Which the breath of some splendid enchantment has kissed, 

Reveal on the ocean, reveal on the shore, 

The proud pageant of conquest that graced them of yore, 

Chorus — Where blended forever in love as in fame. 

See! the standard which stole from the starlight it« flame, 
Aud type of all chivalry, glory, romance, 
The lilies, the luminous lilies of France! 

II. 

O! stubborn the strife ere the conflict was won, 

And the wild-whirling war- wrack half stifled the sun; 

The thunders of cannon that boomed on the lea 

But re-ecboed far thunders pealed up from the sea — 

Where guarding his sea-lists — a kuight on the waves — 

Bold De Grasse kept at bay the bluff bull-dogs of Graves — 

The day turned to darkness, the night changed to fire. 

Still more fierce waxed the combat, more deadly the ire — 

Undimmed by the gloom, in majestic advance. 

Ah! behold where they ride, o'er the red battle-tide — 

Chorus — Those banners united in love as in fame — 

The brave standard which drew from the starbeams their flame, 
And type of all chivalry, glory, romance. 
The lilies, the luminous lilies of France! 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 63 



III. 

No respite ! No pause ! By the York's tortured flood 
The gray Lion of Eugland is writhing in blood! 
Coruwallis may chafe, and coarse Tarleton aver — 
As he sharpens his broadsword and buckles his spur — 
"This blade, which so oft has reaped rebels like grain, 
Shall now harvest, for death, the rude yeomen again." 
Vain boast! for ere sunset he's flying in fear. 
With the rebels he scouted close, close in the rear! 
The French on his flank hurl such volleys of shot 
That e'en Gloucester's redoubt must be growing too hot. 

Chorus — Thus wedded in love, as united in fame, 

Lo! the standard that stole from the starlight its flame- 
And type of all chivalry, glory, romance, 
The lilies, the luminous lilies of France! 

IV. 

O! morning superb! when the siege reached its close! 

See! the sundawn outbloom like the alchemist's rose! 

The last wreaths of smoke from dim trenches upcurled 

Are transformed to a glory that smiles on the world. 

Joy! Joy! Save the wan, wasted front of the foe. 

With his battle-flags furled and his arms trailing low, 

Respect for the brave! In grim silence they yield. 

And in silence they i)aNS with bowed heads fi'oni the field. 

Then triumph transcendent! So Titan of tone 

That some vowed it must startle King George on his throue! 

Chorus — O! wedded in love, as united in fame. 

See ! the standard that stole from the starlight its flame- 
And tj'pe of all chivalry, glory, romance, 
The lilies, the luminous lilies of France! 



When Peace to her own timed the pulse of the land, 
And the war-weapon sunk from the war-wearied hand, 
Young Freedom, upborne to the height of the goal — 
She had yearned for so long with deep travail of soul — 
A song of her future raised, thrilling and clear. 
Till the woods leaned to liearkeu, the hill-slopes to hear! 
Yet, fraught with all magical grandeurs that gleam. 
On the hero's high hope, or the patriot's dream, 
What Future, tho' bright, in cold shadow shall cast 
Tbe stern beauty that haloes the brow of tlie Past ? 

Chorus — O ! wedded in love, as united in fame ! 

Stje! the standard that stole from the starlight its flame, 
Aud type of all chivalry, glory, romance, 
The lilies, the luminous lilies of France ! 



64 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

INTRODUCTION OF THE ORATOR, HON. ROBERT C. WINTHROP. 

Hon. John W. Joliustou, chairman of the Commission, then presented 
the Hon. Eobert C. Wlnthrop, saying : 

Mr. Chairman : I have the honor and pleasure of introducing to the 
President of the United States and his Cabinet, to our guests from 
across the ocean, and to the vast multitude of American citizens here 
assembled, the distinguished gentleman chosen to deliver the address 
on this occasion, the Hon. Eobert C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts. 



CENTENNIAI. ORATION AT YORKTOWN, VIRGINIA, 
19TH OCTOBER, 1881. 

By Egbert C. Winthrop. 

invitation and answer. 

"Washington, D. C, December 16, 1880. 
Sir: Provision has beeu made by au act of Congress for a Centennial Celebration 
of the Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown — the ceremonies to take place on the 
19th of October, 1881. The national importance of the great event which closed the 
War for American Independence calls for a tribute to the devotion of our fathers, and 
the imposing civil fabric vfhich they reared, from one of their accomplished sons ; 
and we respectfully invite you to deliver the oration on that occasion, and assure 
you that the two Houses of Congress whom we represent, and in whose halls you have 
performed a brilliant and honorable service, will consider your acceptance of this in- 
vitation a distinguished favor to themselves and to the country. 

With sentiments of the highest respect, your obedient servants, 

Geo. B. Loring, 
Francis Kernan, 
John Goode, 
E. H. Rollins, 
H. B. Anthony, 
Committee on Oration and Poem. 
Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Boston, Mass. 

Boston, Mass., December 22, 1880. 
Gentlemen; Your obliging communication of the 16th inst. reached me a few 
days ago. I am deeply conscious of my own insufficiency for meeting so great an 
occasion as you propose to me. But such an invitation, for such a service, and from 
such a source, cannot be declined. 

Coming from the Capitol, and communicated by a committee of the two Houses of 
Congress, it has the force of a command, and I dare not disobey it. . 

I shall therefore hold myself at the disposition of the Committee of Arrangements 
on the 19th of October next, at Y'orktown, Virginia, God willing. 

Believe me, gentlemen, with a grateful acknowledgment of the complimentary 
terms of your letter, 

Very faithfully and respectfully, your obedient servant, 

Robert C. Winthrop. 
Hon. George B. Loring, Francis Kernan, 

John Goode, E. H. Rollins, H. B. Anthony, 

Committee of United States Congress. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 65 



ORATION. 

Mr. President and Fellow-Citizens of the United States : 
1 am profoundly sensibk', of the honor of being called to take .so dis- 
tinguished a part in this great Commemoration, and most deeply grate- 
ful to those who have thought me worthy of such an honor. But it 
. was no alfectation when, in accepting the invitation of the Joint Com- 
mittee of Congress, I replied that 1 was sincerely conscious of my own 
insufficiency for so high a service. And if I felr, as I could not fail to 
feel, a painful sense of inadequacy at that moment, when the service 
was still a great way off, how nnich more must I be oppressed and 
overwhelmed by it now, in the immediate presence of the occasion! 
As I look back to the men with whom I have been associated in my 
own Commonwealth— Choate, Everett, Webster, to name no others — I 
may well feel that I am here only by the accident of survival. 

But I cannot forget that I stand on the soil of \"irgiuia — a State 
whicL, of all others in our Union, has never needed to borrow an 
orator for any occasion, however important or exacting. Her George 
Mason and Thomas Jefferson, her James Madison and John Marshall, 
were destined, it is true, to rei^der themselves immortal by their pens, 
rather than by their tongues. The pens which drafted the Virginia 
Bill of Eights, the Declaration of American Independence, and so 
much of the text, the history, the vindication, and the true construc- 
tion of the American Constitution, need fear comi^arison with none 
which have ever been the imjilements of human thought and language. 
But from her peerless Patrick Henry, through the long succession of 
statesmen and patriots who have illustrated her annals, down to the 
recent day of her Rives, her McDowell, and her (Irigsby — all of whom 
I have been privileged to count among my personal friends — Virginia 
has had orators enough for every emergency, at the Capitol or at home. 
She has them still. And yet I hazard nothing in saying that the fore- 
most of them all would have agreed with me, at this hour, that the 
theme and the theater are above the reach of the highest art; and 
would be heard exclaiming with me, in the words of a great Roman 
poet, " Unde ingenium par materiie?" whence, whence shall come a 
faculty equal to the subject ! For myself, I turn humbly and rev- 
erently to the only Source from which such insi)iration can be invoked! 

Certainly, fellow-citizens, had I felt at liberty to regard the invita- 
tion as any mere personal compliment, supremely as I should have 
prized it, I might have hesitated about accepting it much longer than 
I did hesitate. But when I reflected on it as at least including a com- 
pliment to the old Commonwealth of which I am a loyal son — when I 
reflected that my performance of such a service might help, in ever so 
slight a degree, to bring back Virginia and JNlassachusetts, even for a 
S. Rep. 1003 5 



66 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

day— would that it might be forever !— into those old relations of luu- 
tual amity and good nature and affection which existed in the days of 
our Fathers, and without which there could have been no surrender 
liere at Yorktown to be commemorated— no Unicm, no Independence, 
no Constitution— I could not find it in my heart for an instant to de- 
cline the call. Never, never could I shrink from any service, however 
arduous, or however perilous to my own reputation, which might haply 
add a single new link, or even strengthen and brighten an old link, in 
that chain of love, which it has been the prayer of my life might bind 
together in peace and good will, in all time to come, not only l^ew 
England and the Old Dominion, but the whole Korth and the whole 
South, for the best welfare of our common Country, and for the best 
interests of Liberty throughout the world ! 

Not the less, however, have I come here to day in faint hope of 
being able to meet the expectations and demands of the occasion. For, 
indeed, there are occasions which no man can fully meet, either to the 
satisfaction of others or of himself — occasions which seem to scorn and 
defy all utterance of human lips, whose complicated emotions and inci- 
dents cannot be compressed within the little compass of a discourse ; 
whose far-reaching relations and world-wide influences refuse to be nar- 
rowed and condensed into any formal sentences or paragraphs or pages ; 
occasions when the booming cannon, the rolling drum, the swelling 
trumpet, the cheers of multitudes, and the solemn Te Deums of churches 
and cathedrals, afford the only adequate expression of the feelings, 
which their mere contemplation, even at the end of a century, cannot 
fail to kindle. 

Yet, if it be not in me, -at an age which might fairly have exempted 
isne altogether from such an effort, to do full justice to the grand assem- 
^bly and the grander topics before me, it certainly is in me, my friends, 
to breathe out from a full heart the congraiulations which belong to 
this hour ; to recall briefly some of the momentous incidents we are 
liere to commemorate ; to sketch rapidly some of the great scenes which 
gave such imperishable glory to yonder bay and river, and their historic 
fbanks; to name with honor a few, at least, of the illustrious men con- 
nected with those scenes, and, above all and before all, to give some 
feeble voice to the gratitude which must swell and fill and overflow 
every American breast to-day towards that generous and gallant nation 
across the sea, represented here at this moment by so many distin- 
guished sons of so many endeared and illustrious names, which helped 
us so signally and so decisively at the most critical point of our strug- 
gle, in vindicating our rights and liberties, and in achieving our national 
Independence. 

Yes, it is mine, and somewhat peculiarly mine, perhaps, notwith- 
standing the presence of the official representatives of my native State, 
to bear the greetings of Plymouth Hock to Jamestown ; of Bunker Hdl 
to Yorktown; of Boston, recovered from the British forces in '7G, to 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION, 67 

Mount Veruou, the home in life and death of her ilhistrions dehverer ; 
and there is no office within the gift of Congresses, Presidents, or Teo- 
l)le, which I could discharge more cordially and fervently. And may I 
not hope, as one who is proud to feel coursing in his veins the Huguenot 
blood of a Massachusetts patriot who enjoyed the most affectionate re- 
lations with the young La Fayette when he first led the way to our assist- 
ance ; as one, too, who has personally felt the warm pressure of his own 
hand and received a benediction from his own lips, under a father and a 
mother's roof, nearly threescore years ago, when he was the guest of 
the nation ; and, let me add, as an old presiding officer in that repre- 
sentative chamber at the Capitol, where, side by side with that of 
Washington, its only fit comi)anion-piece, the admirable full-length por- 
trait of the Marquis, the work and the gift of his friend Ary Scheffer, 
was so long a daily and hourly feast for my eyes and inspiration for my 
effi)rts — may I not hope that I shall not be regarded as a wholly unfit 
or iuajipropriate organ of that profound sense of obligation and indebt- 
edness to La Fayette, to Rocharabeau, to De Grrasse,and to France, which 
is felt and cherished by us all at this hour ? 

For, indeed, fellow-citizens, our earliest and our latest acknowledg- 
ments are due this day to France, for the inestimable services which 
gave us the crowning victory of the 10th of October, 1781. It matters 
not for us to speculate now whether American Independence might not 
have been ultimately achieved without her aid. It matters not for us 
to calculate or conjecture how soon, or when, or under what circum- 
stances that grand result might have been accomplished. We all know 
that, God willing, such a consummation was as certain in the end as 
to-morrow's sunrise, and that no earthly potentates or powers, single or 
conjoined, could have carried us back into a permanent condition of 
colonial dependence and subjugation. From the first blood shed at 
Lexington and Concord, from the first battle of Bunker Hill, Great 
Britain had lost her American Colonies, and their established and rec- 
ognized independence was only a question of time. Even the surrender 
of Burgoyne at Saratoga in 1777, the only American battle included by 
Sir Edward Creasy in his " Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World," of 
which he says that "no military event can be said to have exercised 
a more imi)ortMnt influence on the future fortunes of mankind," and of 
which the late Lord Stanhope had said that this surrender " had not 
merely changed the relation of England and the feelings of Europe to- 
wards these insurgent colonies, but had modified, for all times to come, 
the connection between every Colony and every parent State"— even 
this most njemorable surrender gave only a new assurance of a foregone 
conclusion, only hastene<l the march of events to a predestined issue. 
That march for us was to be ever onward until the goal was reached. 
However slow or difficult it might prove to be, at one time or at another 
time, the motto and the spirit of John Hampden were in the minds, and 
hearts, and wills of all our American patriots — "Nulla vestigia retror- 
sum " — no footsteps backward. 



68 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

Nor need we be too curious to inquire to-day into any special induce- 
ments which France may have had to intervene thus nobly in our behalf, 
or into any special influences under which her King, and Court, and 
People, resolved at last to undertake the intervention. We may not 
forget, indeed, that our own Fraukliu, the great Bostonian, had long 
been one of the American Commissiouers in Paris, and that the fame 
of his genius, the skill and adroitness of his negotiations, and the mag- 
netism of his personal character and presence were no secondary or sub- 
ordinate elements in the results which were accomplished. As was 
well said of him by a French historian, " His virtues and his renowu nego- 
tiated for him ; and, before the second year of his mission had expired, 
no one conceived it possible to refuse fleets and an army to the com- 
patriots of Franklin." The Treaty of Commerce and the Treaty of Al- 
liance were both eminently Franklin's work, and both were signed by 
him as early as the 6th of February, 1778. His name and his services 
are thus never to be omitted or overlooked in connection with the great 
debt which we owe to France, and which we so gratefully commemorate 
on this occasion. 

But signal as his services were, Fraukliu cannot be named as stand- 
ing first in this connection. Nearly two years before his treaties were 
negotiated and signed, a step had been taken by another than Frank- 
lin, which led, directly and indirectly, to all that followed. The young 
La. Fayette, then but nineteen years of age, a captain of the French 
dragoons, stationed at Metz, at a dinner given by the commandant of 
the garrison to the Duke of Gloucester, a brother of George III, hap. 
pened to hear the tidings of our Declaration of Independence, which 
had reached the Duke that very morning from London. It formed the 
subject of animated and excited conversation, in which the enthusiastic 
young soldier took part. And before he had left the table, an inex- 
tinguishable spark had been struck and kindled in his breast, and his 
whole heart was on fire in the cause of American liberty. Regardless of 
the remonstrances of his friends, of the Ministry, and of the King him- 
self, in spite of every discouragement and obstacle, he soon tears him- 
self away from a young and lovely wife, leaps on board a vessel which 
he had provided for himself, braves the perils of a voyage across the 
Atlantic, then swarming with cruisers, reaches Philadelphia by way of 
Charleston, South Carolina, and so wins at once the regard and confi- 
dence of the Continental Congress, by his avowed desire to.risk his life 
in our service, at his own ex])ense, without pay or allowance of any 
sort, that on the 31st of July, 1777, before he was yet quite twenty 
years of age, he was commissioned a Major-General of the Army of the 
United States. 

It is hardly too much to say that from that dinner at Metz and that 
31st day of July in Philadelphia, may be dated the train of influences 
and events which culminated, four years afterwards, in the surrender 
of Cornwallis to the Allied Forces of America and France. Presented 



YOKKTOWN CELEBRATION. 69 

to our great Virginian coiuniander-incbief a few day.s 0UI5' after his 
<;oiuujission was voted by Congress, an intimacy, a friendship, an affec- 
tion grew up between them almost at sight, which might well-nigh 
recall th,' classical loves of Achilles and Patroclus, or of ^Eneas and 
Achates. Invited to become a member of his military family, and treated 
with the tenderness of a son. La Fayette is henceforth to be not only 
the beloved and trusted associate of Washington, but a living tie be- 
tween his native and his almostadoi)ted country. Jieturning to France 
in Januaiy, 1779, after eighteen months of brave and valuable service 
here, during which he had been wounded sit Brandywine, had exhib- 
ited signal gallantry and skill while an indignant witness of Charles 
Lee's disgraceful, if not treacherous, misconduct at Monmouth, and 
had received the thanks of Congress for important services in Rhode 
Island, he was now in the way of appealing personally to the French 
Ministry to send an army and a tleet to our assistance. He did appeal; 
and the zeal and force of his arguments at length prevailed. Beau- 
marchais had already done something for us in the way of money ; and 
the amiable and well-meaning Count d'Estaing, at one time a protege 
of Voltaire, had, indeed, already made efforts in our behalf with twelve 
ships of the line and three frigates. Poor Marie Antoinette must not 
be forgotten as having promi)ted and procured that assistance. d'Estaing, 
however, owing in part to the want of wise counsel and co-operation, 
had accomplished little or nothing for us, and had left our shores to 
die at last by the guillotine. But now, by the advice and persuasion 
of La Fayette, the army of Rochambeau, and afterwards the powerful 
fleet of the Count de Grasse, are to be sent over to join us; and the 
young ]\Iarquis, to whom alone the decision of the King was first com- 
municated as a state secret, hastens back with eager joy to announce 
the glad tidings to Washington, and to arrange with him for the reception 
and employment of the auxiliary forces. 

Accordingly, on the 10th of July, 1780, a squadron of ten shii)S of 
war, under the unfortunate Admiral de Ternay, brings Rochambeau 
with six thousand French troojis into the harbor of Newport, with in- 
structions "to act under Washington and live with the Americans as 
their brethren;" and the American officers are forthwith desired by- 
Washington, in general orders, "to wear white and black cockades as 
a symbol of affection for their Allies." 

Nearly a full year, however, was to elapse before the rich fruits of 
that alliance were to be developed — a year of the greatest discourage- 
ment and gloom for the American cause. The gallant but vainglorious 
Gates, whose head had been turned by his success at Saratoga, had 
now failed disastrously at Camden; and Cornwallis, elated by having 
vanquished the conqueror of Burgoyne, w^as instituting a campaign of 
terror in the Carolinas, with Tarleton and the young Lord Rawdon as 
the ministers of his rigorous severities, and was counting confidently on 
the speedy reduction of all the Southern Colonies. Our siege of Sa- 



70 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

vaiinah Lad failed to recover it from the British. Charleston, too, had 
been forced to capitulate to Cliuton. Not the steady conduct and cour- 
age of Lincoln ; not the resolute endurance and and heroism of Greene, 
the great commander of the Southern Department; not the skillful 
strategy of La Fayette himself in foiling Cornwallis at so many turns 
and leading him into countless i)erplexities and pitfalls ; not all the 
chivalry of Sumter and Marion and Pickens ; not the noble and gener- 
ous example of his own Virginia, exposing and almost sacrificing herself 
for the relief and rescue of her Southern sisters ; not even our well-won 
victories at King's Mountain under Campbell and Shelby, and at the 
Cowpens under the glorious Morgan, could keep Washington from 
being disheartened and despondent in looking for any early termination 
of the cares and responsibilities which weighed upon him so heavily. 

The war on our side seemed languishing. The sinews of war were 
slowly and insuflBcientlj^ supplied. All the untiring energy and practi- 
cal wisdom and patriotic self-sacrifice of Robert Morris, the great Finan- 
cier of the Revolution, without whom the campaign of 178.1 could not 
have been carried along, hardly sufficed to keep our soldiers in food and 
clothing. Discontents were gathering and growing in the Army, and 
even its entire disso'lution began to be seriously apprehended. A pro- 
vision that all enlistments should be made to the end of the war, and 
entitling all officers, who should continue in service to that time, to half- 
pay for life, did much, for the moment, to reanimate the recruiting sys- 
tem and give new spirits and confidence to the officers. But it was 
soon found that, in many of the States, enlistments could only be ef- 
fected f(>r short terms ; while the half-pay for life was rendered odious 
to the i^eople, and, before the war was over, had become the subject of 
a commutation, which to this hour has been but partially fulfilled, and 
which calls loudly, even amid these Centennial rejoicings, for equitable 
consideration and adjustment. The Confederation which was to unite 
the strength, Avealth, and wisdom of all the Colonies "in a perpetual 
Union," which had been signed by so many of them three years before, 
and which now, on the 1st of March, 1781, has just received the tardy 
signature of the last of them, is but miserably fulfilling its promise. 
Arsenals and magazines, field equipage and means of transportation, 
and, above all, both men and money, are lamentably wanting for an^^ 
vigorous offensive campaign. " Scarce any one of the States," says 
Bancroft, '' had as yet sent an eighth part of its quota into the field," 
and there was no power in the Confederate Congress to enforce its 
requisitions. In vain did the young Alexander Hamilton, at only twen- 
ty-three years of age, with a precocity which has no parallel but that 
of the younger Pitt, pour out lessons of political and financial wisdom 
from the camp, in which he is soon to display such conspicuous valor, 
arraigning the Confederation as " neither tit for war nor peace." In 
vain had Washington written to George Mason, not long before, "Un- 
less there be a material change both in our civil and military policy, it 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION, 71 

will be useless to contend much longer," following that letter with an- 
other, as late as the 9th of April, 1781, to Colonel John Laurens, who 
had gone on a special mission to Paris, in which he gave this most ex- 
plicit warniug: "If France delays a timely and powerful aid in the 
critical posture of our affairs, it will avail us nothing should she attempt 
it hereafter. We are at this hour suspended in the balance. . . We 
cannot transport the provisions from the States in which they are as- 
sessed to the army, because we cannot pay the teamsters, who will no 
longer work for certificates. Our trooi)S are approaching fast to naked- 
ness, and we have nothing" to clothe them with. Our hospitals are 
without medicine, and our sick without meat, except such as well men 
eat. All our public works are at a stand, and the artificers disbanding. 
In a word, we are at the end of our tether, and noiv or never our de- 
li vera nee mufit coined 

God's hol}^ name be praised,, deliverance was to come and did come, 
now ! 

Any material change in our civil policy was, indeed, to await the 
action of civil rulers; but Washington, himself and alone, could happily 
control our military policy. And he did control it. Within forty days 
from the date of that emphatic letter to Laurens, on the 18th of 
May, 1781, Eochambeau, with the Marquis de Chastellux, leaves New- 
port for Wethersfield, in Connecticut, to hold a conference with Wash- 
ington at his call. On the Gth of July, the union of the French troops 
with the American army is completely accomplished atPhillipsburg, ten 
miles only from the most advanced post of the British in New York, 
the two armies united making an effective force of at least ten thousand 
men. On the 8th, Washington has a review- of honor of the French 
troops, Rocharabeau having reviewed the American troops on the 7th. 
On the 19th of August, the united armies commence their march from 
Phillipsburg, and reach Philadelphia on the 3d of September, where, 
Congress being in session, the French array, as we are told in the journal 
of the gallant Count William de Deux- Fonts, "paid it the honors which 
the King had ordered us to pay." And in that journal, so curiously 
rescued from a Paris bookstall on one of the Quais, in 1807,* the Count 
most humorously adds: "The thirteen members of Congress took off 
their thirteen hats at each salute of the flags and of the officers ; and 
that is all I have seen that was respectful or remarkable." Well, that 
was surely enough. What more could they have done ? Virginia her- 
self, even in her earlier, I will not presume to say her better, days of the 
strictest construction, could not have desired or conceived a more sig- 
nificant and signal homage to the doctrine of State's Rights, than those 
thirteen hats so ludicrously lifted together at the successive salutes of 
each French officer and each French flag ! 

Thus far the destination of the Allied Armies was a secret even to 
themselves. Certainly, Sir Henry Clinton, the British commander-in- 
* By Dr. Samuel A. Green, of Boston. 



72 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

chief at Kew York, was carefully kept in iguorance of Washinotou's 
plans, and was even made to believe that on himself the double bolt was 
to fall. He was, indeed, so sorely outwitted aud perplexed that he is 
found at one momeut sending urgent orders to Cornwallis for large de- 
tachments of his Southern army; at another moment, promising to send 
substantial re-enforcements to him ; and at last, making up his mind, too 
late, to join Cornwallis in person, with as little delay as possible. Mean- 
time, in the hope of creating a diversion, he despatches the infamous 
Arnold, whose treason had shocked the moral sense of mankind less than 
a year before, of whom Washington is at this moment writing "that the 
world is disappointed at not seeing him in gibbets," and who had just 
been recalled from an expedition in this very region, where he had 
burned. aud pillaged whatever he could lay his hands on, or set his torch 
to, along yonder James Eiver, to prosecute his nefarious exploits at 
the North, and strike a paricidal blow upon his native State. Poor 
New London and the heroic Ledyard are now to pay the penalty of 
withstanding the audacious traitor, by the burning of their town and 
the brutal nuissacre of the garrison and its commander. 

But no diversion or interruption of Washington's plans could be 
effcted in that way or in any other way; and at length those plans are 
divulged and executed under circumstances which give assurance of 
success, and which cannot be recalled, even at this late day, without an 
irrepressible thrill of delight and gratitude. 

Felix ille dies, felix et dicitnr anuus, 
Felices, qui talem annnm videre, diemquel 

Leaving Philadelphia, with the Army, on the 5th of September, Wash- 
ington meets an express uearChester, announcing the arrival, in Chesa- 
peake Bay, of the Count de Grasse, with a fleet of twenty-eight ships 
of the line, and with three thousand five hundred additional French 
troops, under the command of the Marquis de St. Simon, who had 
already been landed at Jamestown, with orders to join the Marquis de 
La Fayette! 

" The joy," says the Count William de Deux-Ponts in his precious 
journal, " the joy which this welcome news produces among all the 
troops, and which penetrates General Washington and the Count de 
Eochambeau, is more easy to feel than to express." But, in a foot-note 
to that passage, he does express and describe it, in terms which cannot 
be spared and could not be surpassed, and which add a new and charm- 
ing illustration of the emotional side of Washington's nature. " I have 
been equally surprised and touched," says the gallant Deux-Ponts," at 
the true and pure joy of General Washington. Of a natural coldness 
and of a serious and noble approach, which in him is only true dignity, 
and which adorn so well the chief of a whole nation, his features, his 
physiognomy, his deportment, all were changed in an instant. He put 
aside his character as arbiter of North America, and contented himself 



I 



YOKKTOWN CELEBRATION. 73 

for a moment with that of a citizen, liappy at the good fortune of his 
country. A chihl, Mhose every wish had been gratilied, wouhl not 
have experienced a sensation more lively, and 1 believe I am doing 
' honor to the feelings of this rare man in endeavoring to express all 
their ardor." 

Thanks to God, thanks to France, from all our hearts at this hour, 
for "this true and pure Joy" which liglitened the heart, and at once 
dispelled the anxieties of our incomparable leader. It may be true that 
Washington seldom smiled after he had accepted the command of our 
Kevolutiouary Army, but itis clear tliaton that 5th of September he not 
only smiled but played the boy. The arrival of tljat magnificent French 
fleet, with so considerable a re enforcement of French troops, gave him 
a relief and a rapture which no natural reserve or official dignity could 
restrain or conceal, and of which he gave an impulsive manifestation 
hy swinging his own chapeau in Avelcoming Ivochambeau at the wharf. 
In AVashington's exuberant joy we have a measui-e, which nothing else 
could supply, of the value and importance of the timely succors which 
awakened it. Thanks, thanks to France, and thanks to God, for vouch- 
safing to Washington at last that happy day, which his matchless for- 
titude and i)atriotism so richly deserved, and which, after so many 
trials and discouragements, he so greatly needed. 

"All now went merry," with him, "as a marriage bell." Under the 
immediate infiuenoe of this joy, which he had returned for a few 
hours to Philadelphia to comnuiuicate in person to Congress, where 
all the thirteen hats must have come off again with three times 
thirteen cheers, and while the Allied Armies are hurrying southward, 
he makes a hasty trip with Colonel Humphreys to his beloved Mount 
Vernon and his more beloved wife — his first visit home since he left it 
for Cambridge in 1775. Eochambeau, with his suite, joins him there on 
the 10th, and Chastellnx and his aids on the 11th ; and there, with Mrs. 
AYashington, he dispenses, lor two days, "a princely hospitality" to his 
foreign guests. But the 13th finds them all on their way to rejoin the 
Army at Williamsburg, where they arrive on the 15th, "to the great 
joy of the troops and the people," and where they dine with the Mar- 
quis de St. Simon. On the 18th Washington and Eochambeau, with 
Knox and Chastellnx and Du Portail, and with two of AVashington's 
aids. Colonel Cobb, of Massachusetts, and Colonel Jonathan Trumbull^ 
jr., of Connecticut, embark on the "Princess Charlotte" for a visit to 
the French fleet; and early the next morning they are greeted with 
" the grand sight of thirty-tvvo ships of the line" — for DeBarras, from 
New])ort, had joined De Grasse, with his four ships, magnanimously 
waiving his own seniority in rank — " in Lynn Ilaveu Bay, just under 
the point of Cape Henry." They go on board the Admiral's ship — the 
famous " YiWe de Paris," of one hundred and four guns — for a visit of 
ceremony and consultation, and at their departure the Count de Grasse 
mans the yards of the whole fleet and fires salutes from all the ships. 



74 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

A few days more are spent at Willi am sbni-g on tbeir return, where tbej^ 
iind General Lincoln already arrived ^N'ltli a i^art of the troops from the 
North, having hurried them, as Washington besought him, " on the 
wings of speed," and where the word is soon given, " Ou, on, to York 
and Gloucester!" 

Washington takes his share of the exposure of this march, and the 
night of the 28th of September finds him, with all his military family, 
sleeping in an open field within two miles of Yorktown, without any 
other cov^ering, as the journal of one of his aids states, " than the can- 
opy of the heavens, and the small spreading branches of a tree," which 
the writer predicts " will probably be rendered venerable from this cir- 
cumstance for a length of time to come." Yes, venerable, or certainly 
memorable forever, if it were known to be in existence. Y'ou will all 
agree with me, my friends, that if that tree which overshadowed Washing- 
ton sleeping in the open air on his way to Yorktown, were standing to- 
day — if it had escaped the necessities and casualties of the siege, and were 
not cut down for the abatis of a redoubt, or for camp-fires and cooking 
fires long ago — if it could anyhow be found and identified in yonder 
Beech Wood or Locust Grove or Carter's Grove — no Wellington Beech 
or i^Tapoleon Willow, no Milton or even Shakspeare Mulberry, no Oak 
of William the Conqueror at Windsor, or of Henri IV at Fontaiuebleau, 
nor even those historic trees which gave refuge to the fugitive Charles 
11, or furnished a hiding place for the Charter which he granted to 
Connecticut on his restoration, would be so i^recious and so hallowed in 
all American eyes and hearts to the latest generation.* 

Everything now hurries, almost with the rush of a Niagara cataract, 
to the grand fall of Arbitrary Power in America. Lord Cornwallis had 
taken post here at Yorktown as early as the 4tli of August, after being 
foiled so often by " that boy," as he called La Fayette, whose Virginia 
campaign of four months was the most effective preparation for all that 
was to follow, and who, with singular foresight, perceived at once that 
his lordship was now fairly entrapped, and wrote to Washington, as 
early as the 21st of August, that '' the British army must be forced to 
surrender." Day by day, night by night, that prediction presses for- 
ward to its fulfillment. The 1st of October finds our engineers recon- 
noitering the j)osition and works of the enemy. The 2d witnesses the 
gallantry of the Duke de Lauzun and his legion in driving back Tarle- 
ton, whose raids had so long. been the terror of Virginia and the Caro- 
linas. Ou the 6th, the Allied Armies broke ground for their first par- 
allel, and proceeded to mount their batteries on the 7th and 8tli. On 
the 9th, two batteries Avere opened — Washington himself applying the 
torch to the first gun ; and on the 10th, three or four more were in play — 
" silencing the enemy's works, and making," says the little diary of 
Colonel Cobb, "most noble music." On the 11th, the indefatigable 
Baron Steuben was breaking the ground for our second parallel, within 
* Washington Irving says it was a mulberry. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 75 

less than four luiiKlred yards of the enemy, which was finished the next 
morning', and more batteries motinted on the 13th and 14th. 

Bat the great achievement of the siege still awaits its accoraidish- 
ment. Two formidable British adviinced redoubts are blocking the way 
to any further aiiproacli, and they must be stormed. The allied troops 
divide the danger and the glory between them, and emulate each other 
in the assault. One of these redoubts is assigned to the French grena- 
diers and chasseurs, under the general command of the Baron de Vio- 
mesnil. The other is assigned to the American light infantry, under 
the general command of La Fayette. But the detail of special leaders to 
conduct the two assaults remains to be arranged. Viomesnil readily 
designates the brave Count Wilb'am to lead the French storming ])nrty, 
who, tliough became oft" from his victory wounded, counts it " the hap- 
l)iest' day of his life.'' A question arises as to the American party, 
which is soon solved by the impetuous but just demand of oar young 
Alexander Hamilton to lead it. And lead it he did, with an intrepidity, 
a heroism, and a dash unsurpassed in the whole history of the war. 
The French troops had the largest redoubt to assail, and were obliged 
to pause a little for the regular sappers ami miners to sweep away the 
abatis. But Hamilton rushed on to the front of his redoubt, with his 
right wing led by Colonel Gimat and seconded by Major Nicholas Fish, 
heedless of all impediments, overleaping palisades and abatis, and scal- 
ing the parapets — while the chivalrous John Laurens was taking the 
garrison in reverse. Both redoubts were soon captured ; and these 
brilliant actions virtually sealed the fate of Cornwallis. " A small and 
precipitate sortie," as Washington calls it, was made by the British on 
the following evening, resulting in nothing; and the next day a vain at- 
tempt to evacuate their works, and to escape by crossing over to Glou- 
cester, was defeated by a violent ami, for us, down the most providential 
storm of rain and wind — of which the elements favored us with a Cen- 
tennial reminescence last night. Meantime not less than a hundred 
pieces of our heavy ordiuinue were in continual operation, and "the 
whole peninsala trembled under the incessant thuiiderings of our in- 
fernal machines," Would that no machines more truly " infernal" had 
brought disgrace on any part of our land in these latter days ! But 
these brought victory at that day. A suspension of hostilities, to ar- 
range terms of capitulation, was proposed by Cornwallis on the 17th; 
the 18th was occupied at Moore's House in settling those terms; and 
on tliQ IDtli the articles were signed by which the garrison of York and 
Gloucester, together, with all the officers and seamen of the British 
ships in the Chesapeake, "surrender themselves Prisoners of War to 
the Combined Forces of America and France." 

And now, fellow-citizens, there follows a scene than which nothing 
more unique and picturesque has ever been witnessed on this continent, 
or anywhere else beneath the sun. Art has essayed in vain to depict 
it, Trumbull — whose brother, not he himself, was an eye-witness of it as 



76 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

one of Washiugtou's aids — lias done liis best with it ; and his picture 
in the Rotunda of the Capitol is full of interest and value, giving the 
portraits of the officers present, as carefully taken by himself from the 
originals. John Francis Renault, too — assistant secretary of the Count 
deGrasse, andan engineerof the French Forces — hasleftus a contempo- 
raneous engraved sketch of it, which has quite as many elements of 
fancy as of truth. In this engraving all the oflicers are on foot, while 
Trumbull has rightly put most of them on horseback. Meantime, Re- 
nault not only gives Cornwallis surreiideringlii-; sword in person, though 
we all know that he did not leave his quarters on that occasion, but 
looks forward a full century and exhibits in tlie background the Column 
which ought to have been here loug ago, but of which the corner-stone 
was only laid yesterday ! 

Standing here, however, on the very spot to-day, with the records of 
history in our hands — as summed up in the brilliant volumes of Ban- 
croft and Irving, or scattered through the writings of Sparks, or spread 
in detail over the " Field -Book" of Lossing, or on the more recent pages 
of Carriugton's "Battles of the Revolution" and Austin Stevens's 
American Historical Magazine, not forgetting the precious journals 
and diaries of Thatcher and Trumbull and Cobb, of Deux-Ponts and 
the Abbe Robin, and of Washington himself, noi that of the humbler 
Anspach Sergeant in the "Life of Steuben" — we require no aid of art, 
or even of imagination, to call back, in all its varied and most impres- 
sive details, a scene which, as we di}) our brush to paint it now at the 
end of a hundred years, seems almost like a tale of Fairy-Land. 

AVe see the grand French Arn\y drawn up for upwards of a mile in 
battle array, ten full regiments, including a Legion of Cavalry with a 
Corps of Royal Engineers — Bourbounais and Soissonais, Royal Deux- 
Ponts, Saiutonge and Dillon, who have come from IsTewport, with the 
Touraiue, tlie Auxonne, the Ageuais, and the Gatinais, soon to win 
back the name of the Royal Auvergue — who had just landed from the 
fleet. They are all in their unsoiled uniforms of snowy white, with their 
distinguishing collars and lappels of yellow, and violet, and crimson, 
and green, and pink, wiih the Fleurs de Lis proudly emblazoned on 
their Avhite silk regimental standards, with glittering stars and badges 
on their ofiicers' breasts, and with dazzling gold and silver laced liveries 
on their private servants — the timbrel, with its associations and tones 
of triumph, then " a delightful novelty," lending unaccustomed bril- 
liancy to the music of their bands! 

Opposite, and face to face to that splendid line, we see our own war- 
worn American Army ; the regulars, if we had anything wliich could be 
called regulars, in front, clad in the dear old Continental uniform, still 
"in passable condition"; a Kew York brigade; a Maryland brigade; 
the Pennsylvania Line ; the light com])anies made up from New Hamp- 
shire, Connecticut, and Massachusetts ; a Rhode Island and Ifew Jersey 
battalion, with tw^o companies from Delaware; the Canadian Volunteers; 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 77 

a i)ark of artillery, with sappers and miners; and with a large mass of 
patriocic Virginian militia, collected and commanded by the admirable 
Governor IN^elson. Not quite all the Colonies, perhaps, were represented 
in force as they had been at Germantown, but hardly any of them were 
without some representation, individual if not collective — many of them 
in simple, homespun, everyday wear, many of their dresses bearing 
witness to the long, hard service they had seen — coats out at the elbow, 
shoes out at the toe, and in some cases no coats, no shoes at all. But the 
Stars and Stripes, whi(!h had been raised first at Saratoga, floated 
proudly" above their heads, and no color-blindness on that day mistook 
their tints, misinterpreted their teachings, or failed to recognize the 
union they betokened and the glory they foreshadowed. 

Between these two lines of the Allied Forces, so strikingly and 
strangely contrasted, the British Army, in their rich scarlet coats, freshly 
distributed from supplies which must otherwise have been delivered up 
as spoils to the victors, and with their Anspach, and Hessian, and "Von 
Bose" auxiliaries in blue are now seen filing — their muskets at shoulder, 
"their colors cased," and their drums beating "a British or German 
march" — passing on to the field assigned them for giving up their stand- 
ards and grounding their arms, and then filing back agatn to their 
quarters. There is a tradition that their bands played an old English 
air, "The World is Turning Upside Down," as they well might have done 
and that the American fifes and drums struck np Yankee Doodle. But 
all such traditions are untrustworthy, and no such incidents are needed 
to give the most vivid effect and lifelike reality to that imposing pict- 
ure of a hundred years ago. 

We would not, if we could, my frieuds, recall at this hour anything 
which should even seem like casting reproach or indignity upon the 
armies or the rulers of old Mother England at that day or at any day. 
She did what any other nation would have done, our own not ex<;epted, 
to hold fast her possessions, and to avert so serious a disruption of her 
empire. And if she did it unwisely, unjustly, tyrannically, as so many 
of her great statesmen at the time declared, and as so manj' of her later 
historians and ministers have admitted, we may well remember that the 
principles and methods of free go vernnient were but little understood 
bj^ kings or cabinets of that age. How unjust to carry back and a])ply 
the opinions and principles of a later to a former century ! Who doubts 
that good old George III spoke from his conscience as well as from his 
heart wheu he said so toucliiugly to John Adams, on receiving him as 
the first American Minister at the Court of St. James, "I have done 
nothing in the late contest but what I thought myself indispensably 
bound to do by the duty which I owed my people"? We are here to re- 
vive no animosities resulting from the War of the Bevolution,' or from 
any other war, remote or recent; rather to bury and drown them all, 
deeper than ever plummet sounded. For all that is grand and glorious 
in the career and example of Great lU-itain certainly we can entertain 



78 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

notliiug but respect and admiration ; -while I hazard little in saying that 
for the continued life and welfare of her illustrious sovereign, whom 
neither Anne nor Elizabeth will outshine in history, the American heart 
beats as warmly this day as if no Yorktown had ever occurred, and no 
Independence liad ever separated us from her imperial dominion. And 
we are ready to say, and do say, ''God save the Queen," as sincerely 
and earnestly as she herself and her ministers and her people have said 
"God save the President" in those recent hours of his agony. 

There is a tradition that when shouts of triumph Avere beginning to 
resound, as the scene w^hich I have so feebly portrayed went on, Wash- 
ington himself restrained and rebuked them, exclaiming, " Let poster- 
ity cheer for us ! " The phrase does not altogether sound to me like his. 
But my late accomi)lished friend, Lord Stanhope, in his valuable his- 
tory of that period, bears testimony to a similar incident. " Yet Wash- 
ington," he says, '' with his usual lofty spirit, had no desire to aggra- 
vate the anguish and humiliation of honorable foes. On the contrary, 
he bade all spectators keep aloof from the ceremony, and suppressed all 
public signs of exultation." 

And let us not fail to remember that England paid us the compliment 
of sending over the bravest and best of her soldiers and officers, to this 
and every other field of the American War. Howe, and Burgoyne, and 
Clinton, and Cornwallis were all foemen wortlij^ of any steel. It cer- 
tainly would not have detracted from the permanent fame of Coru- 
wallis — it would have added to it ratEer — could he have summoned up 
nerve enough to march manfully at the head of his troops and surren- 
der his sword to Washington in person, l^ielding at last to sui)erior 
force — for the Allied Army was double his own — and without a cloud 
n])on his courage, there was nothing for him to shrink from in such an 
act. But unstrung, as he evidently was, by the wear and tear of along 
suspense, and by the disappointing and vexatious delays of Sir Henry 
Clinton — whose promised re-euforcemeuts reached the Chesapeake four 
or five days too late — the plea of ill-health was readily accepted. We 
may well leave it to Horace Walpole to call him '• a renegade," as he 
does, for having obeyed his Sovereign by coming over to conquer Amer- 
ica, after being one of a very few members in the House of Lords to 
enter a i)rotest against some of the arbitrary acts or declarations which 
gave occasion to the war. We may leave it to Walpole, too, to tell the 
story of his having vowed, before he came, that " he would never pile 
wp his arms like Burgoyne." The remembrance of such a vow, if he 
ever made it, would naturally have embarrassed and confused him at 
Yorktown — more especially if he recalled the vow while dating his orig- 
inal proposal to surrender, as he did, on the very anniversary of Bur- 
goyne's surrender! But no malicious gossip of Strawberry Hill must 
prevent our recognition of Lord Cornwallis as a brave and accomplished 
oificer, the verj^ ablest of all the British Generals in the American War, 
destined to the Governorship of Bengal a few years afterwards, and 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 79 

later to the Governor-Generalslni) of all India, where he was not only to 
receive the jeweled sword of Tippoo Saib, after the great victory at 
Seringapatain, but was to win the higher honor of being called "the 
first honest and incorruptible governor India ever saw, after whose ex- 
ample hardly any governor has dared to contemplate corrui)tion. Other 
governors," it is added, '• were conquerors, so was he ; bnt his victories 
in the field, and tliey were brilliant, are dim beside his victory over 
corruption." Nor is it a much less enviable distinction for him, that, as 
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, while it was the scene of a rebellion, he paci- 
fied the Irish by conciliatory and moderate measures. We should all 
rejoice, I am sure, if a similar tribute should be won, as it seems so 
likely to be, by tlie present Lord Lieutenant, under the lead of the elo- 
quent and accomplished Gladstone. 

There were other British officers here destined to great distinction. 
Among them was Lieutenant-Colonel Abercromby, who led the little 
sortie on the night before the capitulation was tendered, who had com- 
manded a regiment during the whole war, who succeeded Cornwallis as 
Commander- in Chief of the forces in India, and died as Sir Robert Aber- 
cromby, the olde-st General in the service, in 1827. 

Among them, too, was the young Lord Eawdou, who had been con- 
S])icuous at Bunker Hill, when hardly of age, and who had played a dis- 
tinguished part at Camden. He was here only as an enforced spectator, 
however, having been brought to the Chesapeake as a prisoner of war 
by De Grasse, who had captured him a few weeks before on board a 
Charleston packet. He went home at last to be Earl of Moira and Mar- 
quis of Hastings, and, like Cornwallis, Governor-General of India. His 
name may well be recalled, as adding another to the remarkable num- 
ber of notabilities of all countries who were more or less associated with 
Yorktowu. 

And, indeed, but for the delays of Sir Henry Clinton, the young 
Prince William Henry, afterwards William IV, then a midshipman in 
the British fleet here, might, perchance, have added something even of 
Eoyal dignity to the scene. 

But I must not forget the second in command on this field, who led 
up the British forces to the formal surrender, bringing the sword of 
Cornwallis in his hand — the gallant and genial Brigadier Charles 
O'Hara, a man of singular elegance and personal beauty; a strict and 
thorough disciplinarian; the special friend of that General Conway, 
afterwards Field Marshal Conway, whose effoits against the stamp act, 
ami to put an end to the war, seiiured hiin not only the resi)ect of all 
America, but even a {)ortrait in Faneuil Hall, which, alas, the British 
soldiers destroyed or carried away at the evacuation ol Boston. O'Hara 
went home to be wounded at the siege of Toulon in 179U, and to die ten 
years later as Governor of Gibraltar. It was of him that it is said in 
"Cyril Thornton," a favorite novel half a century ago, by an author 
who knew him well, "His appearance was of that striking cast which 



80 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

once seen is not easily' forgotten. General O'Hara was the most per- 
fect specimen I ev'er saw of the soldier aud courtier of the last age. Not- 
withstanding tlie strictness of discipline which he scrupulously enforced, 
uo officer could be more universally popular. The honors of the table 
were done by his staff", and the (xeueral was in nothing distinguished 
from those around him, except by being undoubtedly the gayest and 
most agreeable person in the company." It may not be less interesting 
to recall the fact that he was on the point of being married, in 1795, to 
Miss Mary Berry — Horace Walpole's Miss Berry — so celebrated in the 
social history of London, who lived to be ninety, and who, forty-eight 
years after the engagemeni; was broken, reopened the packet of letters 
which had passed between them, and left a touching record, which is in 
her i)ublished memoirs, of "the disappointed hopes and blighted affec- 
tions that had deepened the natural vein of sadness in her character." 
Whatever misunderstandings or mistakes may have broken off the 
match, to the great sorrow of them both, it is certainly nowhere sug- 
gested that the lady thought any the worse of her lover because he had 
been the dignified and graceful bearer of Cornwallis's sv/ord to Wash- 
ington. This gay agreeable person dined here with Washington at 
headquarters on the very day of the surrender; and Colonel Trumbull" 
makes special note in his diary that " he was very social and easy." 

But I turn at once from anything sentimental or romantic to others 
of the real, substantial actors of the day. And there could surely be 
nothing more real or more substantial than the American General now 
deputed by Washington to receive the sword from O'Hara's hand, and 
to conduct him an<l the British host to the field for laying down their 
arms, the sturdy, stalwart Benjamin Lincoln, of Massachusetts, the 
senior American Major-General on the ground, nearly fifty years of age^ 
and of a plump and portly figure, who had conducted the Northern Army 
to this place, had occupied the right of the line, at Wormeley's Creek, 
during the siege, and who is now instructed to mete out to the surren- 
dering forces the same precise measure of consideration and honor which 
Clinton and Cornwallis had meted out to him at his recent capitulation 
of Charleston. A few months afterwards he was elected by Congress 
the first Secretary of War of the United States, and had the privilege, 
in. that capacity, of presenting to Washington the two British Yorktowu 
standards assigned to him by Congress, and of receiving from Wash- 
ington, in reply, a most aff'ectionate acknowledgment of " particular ob- 
ligations for able aud friendly counsel in tlie Cabinet and vigor in the 
field." Lincoln deserved it all for patriotic and persevering service dur- 
ing the whole Revolution. . Nor will Massachusetts ever forget the in- 
valuable aid which he rendered to Governor Bowdoin in the sui:)pression 
of Shays' Rebellion in 1786-'87. 

And here, too, from Massachusetts — for I will furnish the roll of my 
own State before passing to others — was Henry Knox, Brigadier-Gen- 
eral in command of the American Artillery, which he had organized and 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 81 

couducted from the siefje of Boston tothatof Yorktown, as staunch and 
as resiionsive as any one of the very Held-pieces, whether six or twelve 
or eighteen or twenty-four pounders, which he tended and " trained up 
in the way they shoukl go" as his own children ; who, as Chastellux 
bears witness, " seldom left the batteries, incessantly directing the ar- 
tillery, and often himself i)ointing the mortars ;" whose energy and ac- 
tivity, in j)roviding heavy cannon for this siege, led Washington to say 
of him, in the report to Congress which secured his promotion to a Major- 
Generalship, that " the resources of his genius supplied the deficit of 
means." He, also, was afterwards Secretary of VV ar of the United 
States, succeeding Lincoln in 1785, and serving in the( 'abiuet of Wash- 
ington until his resignation in 1794. 

And here, under Knox, as a Lieutenant-Colonel of Artillery, was the 
brave and devoted Ebenezer Stevens, like Knox, a Boston boy, a Son 
of Liberty, one of the Tea-party ; whose services, here and elsewhere^ 
were of the liighest value, in connection with Colonel Lamb, of New 
York, and Lieb tenant-Colonel Carringtou, of Virginia, and Major Ban- 
man ; who lived to superintend the fortifications on Governor's Island, 
in New York Harbor, in 1800; and having fixed his residence in that 
city, to command the Artillery of the State in the W^ar of 1812. 

James Thacher, of old Plymouth, was here as a Surgeon, under 
Washington's favorite Surgeon, James Craik, of Virginia, the author 
of an interesting " Military Journal" of the Revolution, and among 
whose papers 1 have seen a rough sketch of the Surrender. Colonel 
Joseph Vose was here, sometime at the head of the first Massachusetts 
Continental Lifantry, but now in La Fayette's corps. And David Cobb 
was here, in the envial)le capacity of an Aid to Washington ; who kept 
a little Diary on the field, from which I have already quoted ; who lived 
to hold both military and judicial office in Massachusetts, and who will 
always be associated with that brave saying of his, during Shays' Rebel- 
lion, " I will sit as a Judge or die as a General." 

Colonel Timothy Pickerino was here also, who from his first bold 
resistance to the British Troops at the Salem drawbridge in '75, before 
Bunker Hill or even Concord and Lexington, down to the end of the 
war, did memorable military service; who was with Washington in his 
famous retreat across the Jerseys, and was Adjutant-General at Bran- 
dywine and Germantown. He was here as Quartermaster-General of 
the American Army, and was afterwards Secretary of War and Secre- 
tary of State in Washington's Cabinet. 

But let me hasten to the representatives of other States. 

New Hampshire was represented here by Henry Dearborn, a brave 
and devoted officer from Bunker Hill to Yorktown ; afterwards Secre- 
tary of War to Jefferson and Commander-in Chief of the Army, but 
here as Assistant Quartermaster-General to Pickering ; and by Nich- 
olas Gilman, afterwards a, member of the Continental Congress at 
I'hiladelphia, and for many years a Representative and Senator in Con- 
S. Rep. 1003 6 



82 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

gress under the Coiistitutiou, but who uow, as Deputy Adjutaut-Geu- 
eral, received from Lord Coruwallis, to whom he was sent for the pur- 
pose by Washiugtou, the return of exactly 7,050 men surrendered. But 
New Hampshire may claim the distinction of having sent to this field, 
its most distinguished victim, the lamented young Alexander Scam- 
MELL, who, though a native of Massachusetts, and a graduate of Har- 
vard, was here in immediate command of New Hampshire troops ; who, 
surprised while out with a reconuoitering party, in an earl,\ stage of the 
siege, was mortally and basely wounded by his captors ; and of whose 
death, on the 6th of September, it is said by Henry Lee, of Virginia, in 
his " Memoirs of the War," " This was the severest blow experienced by 
the allied arjuy throughout the siege ; not an officer iu our army sur- 
passed in personal worth and professional ability this experienced sol- 
dier." 

Connecticut "Was represented here by Lieutenant-Colonel Ebenezer 
Huntington and Major John Palsgrave Wyllis, and especially by Colonel 
Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., a Secretary aud Aide-De-Camp of Washington, 
and the son of the great Revolutionary War Governor, Jonathan Trum- 
bull ; aud by Colouel David Humphreys, another aud most valued 
member of Washington's military -family, to whose care the captured 
standards of the surrendering army were consigned; who received a 
sword from Congress iu acknowledgment of his fidelity and ability, and 
to whom Washington presented the epaulets worn b^" himself through- 
out the war, now among the treasures of the Massachusetts Historical 
Society ; afterwards a minister to Portugal and to Spain ; one of the 
earliest importers of merino sheep ; a miscellaneous aud somewhat pro- 
lific poet ; aud who commanded the militia of Connecticut in the War of 
1812. 

Rhode Island was represented here by Colouel Jeremiah Olney at 
the head of one of her regiments, and by his distant relative, the gallant 
Captain Stephen Olney, who was the first to mount the parapet and form 
his company in Hamilton's redoubt on the 14th. 

New Jersey w^as represented here by Elias Dayton, Francis Barber, 
and Matthias Ogden, at the head of her regiments of Continental In- 
fantry, as well as by Colonel Aaron Ogden, afterwards United States 
Senator and Governor of the State. 

Pennsylvania was represented here by General Peter Muhlenberg, a 
relative of the first Speaker of the House of Representatives of the 
United States, who had thrown off his gown as a Lutheran preacher, in 
'76, in Virginia, " to organize out of his several congregations one of 
the most perfect battalions in the armj^;" by Adjutant-General Ed- 
ward Hand and Colonel Walter Stewart ; by Brodhead and Moylan, and 
the two Butlers, at the head of her regiments, and Parr at the head of 
her Rifle Battalion ; by Arthur St. Clair, born iu Scotland, grandson 
of an Earl of Rosslyn, who had been with Amherst at Louisburgh and 
with Wolfe at Quebec, who is here as a volunteer in Washington's mili- 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 83 

tary family, afterwards to be President of the Continental Congress ; 
and, pre-eminently, by Anthony Wayne, the hero of Stony Point, 
'' Mad Anthony," as he was sometimes called, here in command of the 
Pennsylvania line, and who died in 1796, as Commander-in-Chief of 
the United States Army. ' 

Maryland was represented here by General Mordecai Gist, bj' Adams 
and Woolford and Moore and Roxburgh, in command of her regiments 
and battalions, and more especially by Colonel Tench Tilghman, a 
favorite Aid of Washington, who was deputed by him to bear the tid- 
ings of the surrender to Congress. 

New York was represented bere by James Clinton, a brother of Vice- 
President George Clinton, whose statue is now in the Rotunda of the 
Capitol, and the father of the eminent De Witt Clinton, who, himself, 
having served as a Captain in the old French War, and as a Colonel 
under the lamented Montgomery in 1775, was now, as Major-General, 
in command of N^ew York, Xew Jersey, and Rhode Island troops, with 
Van Schaick, and Van Dyck, and Van Cortlandt as his Colonels. But 
New York had otli6r representatives on this field, lower in grade, but 
one of tbem, at least, second to none of her soldiers or citizens either 
in immediate estimation or in future eminence. Alexander Hamilton 
was here, I need hardly repeat, commanding a battalion of La Fayette's 
light infantry, and who by his heroism at the redoubt, as we have seen, 
had been one of the most conspicuous contributors to the result of which 
he was now a witness. Destined to so early and brilliant a career in 
the Convention which framed the Constitution, as one of the principal 
writers of the "Federalist," and as the organizer of our financial sys- 
tem in the Cabinet of Washington, he is a bright particular star, with 
no lessening ray, on the field of Yorktowu, never to be lost sight of in 
the history of our country. Nor must his friend and fellow oflicer of 
the light infantry battalion. Major Nicholas Fish, fail to be mentioned, 
who shared with him the perils of the storming party ; who lived a pure, 
patriotic, and useful life, and who gave the name of Hamilton to a sou, 
whose recent discharge of the duties of Secretary of State has added 
fresh distinction to the name. 

I cannot pass from the name of Hamilton without recalling at once 
that heroic representative of South Carolina who was here with him, 
and who was hardly second in interest — to every American eye, cer- 
tainly — to any other figure on this field — the young John Laurens, 
oft«n called " the Bayard of the American Revolution," son of Henry 
Laurens, once President of the Continental Congress, but at this 
moment a prisoner in the Tower of London, of which, by a striking coin- 
cidence. Lord Cornwallis was the titular Constable. After Iiaving 
served on the staff of Washington — who "loved him as a son," and who 
said of him that " he had not a fault that he could discover, unless it 
was an intrepidity bordering on rashness" — he had now just returned 
from a confidential and successful mission to France, for which he had 



84 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

received the thanks of Congress. He was with Hamilton in storming 
the redoubt, and had the signal distinction of being one of the two 
commissioners, with the Yicomte de Noailles, the brother-in-law of 
La Fayette, to arrange the terms of the surrender, at Moore's House, 
with Colonel Dundas and Colonel Ross of the British Army. His 
untimely death, at only twenty-eight years of age, within a year after- 
wards, in a petty skirmish in South Carolina, while serving under Gen- 
eral Greene, produced a shock throughout the whole country. Roland, 
at Roncesvalles, just a thousand years before, did not leave a more 
fragrant and enduring memory. It has been well said of him that "of 
all the youthful soldiers of the Revolution there is not one upon whose 
story the recollections of his contemporaries have more fondly dwelt." 
There was no one of his period for whom the highest honors of our 
land might have been more safely predicted : no one in whose ear it 
might have been more confidently whis])ered a hundred years ago to- 
day — 

Si qiiH fata asp era jiinipas, 
Tu Marcellus eiis ! 

His father nobly said, on hearing of his death, just after his own re- 
lease from the Tower, ''I thank God 1 had a son wlio dared to die for 
his country." 

The soldiers of South Carolina, at the moment of this siege, had enough 
to do at home in defense of their own firesides and families, of which 
the Battle-Flag of their gallant William Washington, borne by him at 
the Cowpens and at Eutaw, and ordered by the Governor of the State 
to be brought here by the old Washington Light Infantry of Charleston, 
is a touching and precious reminder. But one such representative of 
the State on this field as John Laurens is enough to secure her a proud 
and distinguished place in the memories of this anniversary. 

Nor was the Canada of that day without a worthy representative 
here in the person of Colonel Moses Hazen, who had been wounded 
under Wolfe on the heights of Quebec; who rendered valuable service 
to the end of our war, and was promoted to be a Brigadier-General of 
our Army, but was here in command of a regiment of Canadians, re- 
cruited by himself, sometimes called "Congress's Own" and sometimes 
" Hazen's Own." 

And now, fellow-citizens, let me by no means proceed further with- 
out naming, with every degree of emphasis and distinction, that sterl- 
ing soldier and thorough disciplinarian, who had been an aid-de-camp 
of Frederick the Great, and served at the celebrated siege of Schweid- 
nitz in Prussia, but who joined the American Army in 1777, and drilled, 
and disciplined, and fairly reorganized it, so untiringly and so effect- 
ively, at Valley Forge — Major-General Baron von Steuben. He was 
here in command of the combined division of Virginia, Maryland, and 
Pennsylvania troops, and as Inspector-General of the Army of the 
United States. It fell to his lot to receive the first overture of capitu- 



YOKKTOWN CELEBRATION. 85 

latiou while ou his tour of duty iu the trenches, and he resohitely re- 
fused to leave those trenches till the British flaft- was struck. The 
very last letter which Washington wrote as Coiuuuinder- in-Chief, dated 
on the very day of his resignation at Annapolis, was a letter of com- 
pliment and gratitude to Steuben ; and to no one did Washington or 
the American Army owe more than they owed to him. All honor to 
the memory of the brave old (Terman soldier from every heart and lip 
here gathered, and a cordial welcome to the representatives of his family 
who have accepted the invitation of the United States to assist at this 
Commemoration ! 

And in the same connection may be justly named lirigadier-Ceueral 
Chevalier De Poetail, who commanded the engineers on this field, 
and who, on Washington's special recommendation, was promoted by 
Congress, for his services at the siege, to be a Major-General of the 
United States Army. 

These, I believe, were the only two distinguished foreign officers — 
apart entirely from La Fayette and the French auxiliary officers — who 
were present at Yorktowu. Pulaski had fallen two years before, at 
Savannah ; De Kalb a year before, at Camden; while Kosciusko was 
still at the South with (leneral Greene, where he succeeded the lamented 
Laurens — all three of them brave, heroic men, whose names can never 
be omitted from the roll of honor of the American llevolution. 

Such, fellow-citizens, were the principal officers, from other States, 
and other parts of the country and of the world, who were gathered on 
this Virginia field, in immediate association with the American Line. 

Opposite to them, in that splendid French Line, stood the gallant 
strangers who had been so generously sent to our aid. 

Here, at the head of them, was the veteran Count de Rochambeau, 
now iu the fifty-sixth year of his age, ahd in the thirty-ninth year of his 
military service, who had long been known and noted for h is bravery in the 
wars of the Continent. Cool, prudent, reserved, conciliatory, no one 
could have been more perfectly suited to the delicate duties which de- 
volved ui)on him in co-operating with an army of a different land and 
language, and no one could have discharged those duties more faithfully . 
Perhaps his veTy ignorance of the English tongue was a positive safe- 
guard and advantage for him ; it certainly saved him from hearing or 
saying any rash or foolish things. Washington bore witness, in the let- 
ter bidding him farewell, to the high sense he entertained of the inval- 
uable services he had rendered " by the constant attention he had paid 
to the interest of the American cause, by the exact order and discipline 
of the corps under his command, and by his readiness at all times to 
give facility to every measure to which the force of the combined armies 
was competent." Congress presented to him two^of the captured can- 
non, with suitable inscriptions and devices, which long adorned the 
family chateau in the Vendome, in testimony of the illustrious part 
he had played here. His name on the still delayed Column— one of only 



86 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

three names in the originally prescribed inscription — will soon be en- 
graved where all the world cau read it. Returning home at the close 
of our war, he received the highest honors from his Sovereign ; was 
Governor successively of Picardy and Alsace; commanded the French 
Army of the ^orth, and in 1791 was made a Marshal of France. Nar- 
rowly escaping the guillotine of Kobespierre, he lived to receive the 
cordon of Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor from Napoleon, and died 
in 1807, at eighty-two years of age. We welcome the presence of his 
representative, the Marquis de Rochambeau, at this festival, and of 
Madame la Marquise, here happily at my side, and offer them the cordial 
recognition which is due to their name and rank. 

Here, in equal rank and honor with Rochambeau, stood the Count de 
Grasse, in the fifty-eighth year of his age, who was associated with our 
War for Independence hardly more than a month, but who during that 
momentous month did enough to secure our lasting respect and grati- 
tude ; whose services, as Lieutenant-General and Admiral of the Naval 
Army and Fleet of France, in yonder bay, were second in importance 
to none in the whole siege ; to whom Washington did not hesitate to 
write, the very day after the event, ''The surrender of York, from 
which so great glory and advantage are derived to the Allies, and the 
honor of which belongs to your Excellency." The sympathies of all his 
companions here were deeply stirred when, losing his famous flag-ship 
and a large part of his fleet on his way home, he reached England as a 
prisoner of Admiral Rodney, to be released only after our Treaty of 
Peace was signed; and, though he had vindicated his conduct before a 
court-martial demanded by himself, to die in retirement after a few 
years, without having regained the favor of a sovereign who could par- 
don anything and everything but defeat. Honor this day to the mem- 
ory of the brave Count de Grasse, whose name, as Washington wrote 
to Rochambeau on hearing of his death, "will be long deservedly dear 
to this country!" 

Here, second in command of the French Line, was that worthy and 
excellent General, the Baron de Viomesnil, who brought a gallant 
brother, the Viscount, with him, and who himself returned home " to 
be killed before the last rampart of Constitutional Royalty," on the 10th 
of August, 1792. 

Here, in hardly inferior rank, was Major-lxeueral the Marquis de 
Chastellux ; genial, brilliant, accomphshed, the Journal of whose 
tour in America — indiflerently translated and scandalously annotated 
by an English adventurer — is full of the liveliest interest ; who returned 
home to be one of the immortal Forty of the French Academy, welcomed 
by a discourse of Bufibu on Taste ; and, better still, to receive one of the 
very few humorous and playful letters which Washington ever wrote — 
bantering him "on his catching that terrible contagion, domestic felic- 
ity," which, alas! he only lived to enjoy for six years. Washington 
had before written to him, soon after his return home : " I can truly 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 87 

say, that never in my life have I ])arted with a man to whom my RonI 
clave more sincerely than it did to yon." 

The Admiral Connt de Barras was here — the senior naval officer of 
France at the siege, but who generously waived his seniority; who was 
privileged, however, to sign the Articles of Capitulation for hiuiself and 
the Count de Grasse ; who was fortunate enough to escaj)e any share 
in the defeat by Rodney ; who reached home in season to be promoted, 
and then to die before the outbreak of a Kevolution in which his 
nephew, of the same name, was famous as a Jacobin and regicade, and 
afterwards as the head of the Directory. 

The magnificent Duke de Lauzun was here, conspicuous by his tall 
hussar cap and plume — afterwards Duke de Biron — a gay Lothario in 
the salon, but dauntless iu the held, who, at the head of his legion, put 
Tarletou himself to flight; but who returned home to be, in 1793, one of 
the victims of the guillotine, * 

Two of the Laval-Montmorencys were here : the Marquis, at the 
head of the Bourbounais regiment ; and his young sou, the Viscount 
Matthieu, afterwards the Duke de Montmorency — an intimate friend of 
Madame de Stael, long a resident at Coppet, and who was eminently 
distinguished, in later years, for his accomplishments and his philan- 
thropy. 

The young Count Axel de Fersen was here — a Swedish nobleman, 
and Aid to Rochambeau, "the Adonis of the camp"; who returned to 
France to become a suitor of Madame de Stael and a favorite of Marie 
Antoinette — to whose zeal in aiding the flight of the King and Queen, 
with ''a glass-coach and a new berline," himself on the box, Carlyle 
devotes an early and humorous chapter of his ''French Revolution" — 
and who was killed at last by a mob in Stockholm, in ISIO, on an un- 
founded charge of having been privy to the murder of a popular prince. 

The brave young Duke de Rouerie was here, under the modest title 
of Colonel Armand, who, after good service in our cause for two years, 
had sailed for France in February, 1781, but had returned in Septem- 
ber in season to be at the siege, and was a volunteer at the capture of 
one of the redoubts. Before the war was over he was made a Brigadier- 
General on the special recommendation of Washington. He went home 
at last to be a prisoner in the Bastille, and to die of fever or of poison, 
in a forest, to which he had fled from Danton and Robespierre. 

The Marquis de St. Simon, we know, was here, in command of the 
whole splendid corps, just landed from the fleet, called by Rochambeau 
"one of the bravest men that lived"; wounded while commanding in 
the French trenches, but who insisted on being carried to the assault 
at the head of his troops; who, after our war was ended, entered the 
service of Spain, and, after various fortunes, died a Cai»tain-(ieneral of 
that Kingdom. 

But a second Marquis de St. Simon was here also, of still greater 
historic notorietv — a voung soldier of twenty-one, who had been a jnipil 



88 YORKTOVVN CELEBRATION. 

of D'Alembeit, who lived to be the proposer to the Viceroy of Mexico 
of a canal to unite the Atlantic and the Facitlc, and to be the author 
of a scheme for the fundamental reconstruction of society — the founder 
of St. Simonianism, with Oomte for a time as one of his disciples, and 
whose published works fill not less than twenty vohinies. 

And here was the Count Matthieu Dumas, anotlier of Kochambeau'wS 
aids, who bore a conspicuous part at one of the redoubts and was oue 
of the first to enter it, who returned home to be a member of the 
Assembly and a peer of France, whose last military servi<;e was with 
Napoleon at Waterloo, and who. in 18"^0, gave active assistance to La 
Fayette in placing Louis Philippe ou the throne — dying- at eighty-four 
years of age. 

Count Charles de Lameth was here, too, as an Adjutant-G-eneral, 
and was severely wounded at the storming of the redoubts, who after- 
wards served in the French army of the North till the memorable 10th 
of August, 1792, became a Deputy at the Restoration, and was living 
as late as 1832. 

But how can I attempt to portray the numerous. I had almost said 
the numberless, French officers of high name and family who were 
gathered ou this field a hundred years ago, and who went home to so 
many strange fortunes, and not a few of them to such sad fates !? It 
would require no small share of the genius which old Homer displayed 
in his wonderful catalogue of the ships and forces which came to the 
siege of Troy, when Pope translates him as demanding of the Muses 

A thousaiul tongues, 
A throat of brass, and adamautine liiugs I 

Time certainly would fail me were 1 to give more than the names of 
General de Choisy and the Marquis de Rostaing ; of the Marquis and 
Count de Deux-Pouts ; of the Counts de Custine and de Charlus, d' Audi- 
champ and de Dillon, de I'Estrade, de St. Maime, and d'Olonne ; of the 
Viscouuts de Noailles and de Pondeux ; of Admiral Destouches and 
Commodore the Count de Bougainville ; of General Desandrouins and 
Colonel the Viscount d'Aboville ; of Colonels de Querenet and Gimat, 
and Major Galvan ; of M. de Menonville and the Marquis de Vauban ; of 
M. de Bevilleand M. Blanchard ; of Chevalier da la Vallette, M. de Bres- 
solles, and M. de Broglie ; of Chevalier, afterwards the Baron, Durand, 
a General of the French Army at the Restoration ; of M. de Montesquieu, 
son of the author of " L'Esj)rit des Lois " ; of M. de Mirabeau, brother 
of the matchless orator ; of M. de Berthier, afterwards one of Napo- 
leon's Chiefs of Staff, a Marshal of France, and Prince of Wagram. I 
must have omitted many who ought to be named in this enumeration, 
but enough have certainly been given to show what a cloud of witnesses 
and actors were here, whose names have since been celebrated in the 
annals of their own country, and which deserve a grateful mention in 
ours to-day. That famous "Field of Cloth of Gold," two centuries and 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. SU 

n, half before, when Francis I and Henry V'i 11 met, in the valley of 
Ardres, to arrange an ominous family alliance, had hardly a more im- 
posing representation of the nobles and notables of either laud. 

And now all the otlicers I have mentioned, and many more, French 
and American, are assembled with the troops to which they are at- 
tached, on this hallowed spot, to be met, and welcomed, and fraternized 
with, by at least thirty-five^ hnndred Virginia militiamen — some of them 
under the command of the brave and excellent General VVeedon, some 
of them under (TCiierals Kdward Stevens and Robert Lawson, some of 
them under ( k)lonel Gibson and Lieutenant-Golonel C'arriuoton of the 
Artilleiy. with St. George Tucker, afterwards distinguished as an editor 
of Blackstone and as a Judge, servii.g here as a Major; but all recog- 
nizing, as their Commander-in-Chief, the patriotic and noble-hearted 
Thomas Xelson, then Governor of the State. A liner or firmer spirit 
did not breathe than that of Thomas Xelsou,. junior, as he was then 
called, who had served in the Continental Congress and signed the Dec- 
laration of Independen(^e : who had been one of the largest contribu- 
tors to the relief of Boston dui'ing her sutterings from the I'ort Bill ; who 
had commanded the State forces of Virginia from 1777; who had 
pledged his i)ersonal credit to raise a loan in 1780, and had advanced 
money from his own pocket to pay two Virginia regiments sent to the 
South for the sui)port of General Greene; who now, as the Allied 
Armies approa(^hed Yorktowu.had been active and untiring, beyond all 
other men, in preparing supplies of every sort to su[)port and sustain 
them; and who pointed the lirst gun at his own dwelling-house in the 
town, supposing it to be occupied by Coruwallis or some of his officers, 
and offered a reward of live guineas for every shell which should be 
fired into it. Still another gallant Virginian was ])resent at the siege — 
no other than Henry Lee, " Light Horse Harry," as he is called — who 
describes the scene as an eye-witness in his " Memoirs of the War," but 
he, with Ills legion, was attached to General Greene's army further 
sourh,and here perhaps, only acciileutally and as a spectator. Thomas 
kelson, I repeat, was peculiarly and pre-eminently the representative of 
local Virginia on the day we commemorate ; ami his name must ever 
have a proud and leading i)Iace among the most precious memories 
which cluster around his native Yorktown. 

I said of local Virginia — for there was another representative of the 
Old Dominion here, greater than Nelson, greater than any one who 
could be named, present or absent, living or dead. I do not forget that, 
while America gave Washington to the world, Virginia gave him to 
America, ami that it is her unshared privilege to recognize and claim, 
as her son, him whom the whole country acknowledges and reveres as 
its Father ! 

Behold him here at the 'head of the American Line, presiding, with 
modest but majestic dignity, over this whole splendid scene of the Sur- 



90 YOKKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

render! He is uow in liis flftietli year, and lias gone through anxieties 
and trials enough of late to liavii filled out the full measure of three 
score and teu. That winter at Valley Forge, those cabals of Conway, 
that mutiny in Pennsylvania and jSTew Jersey, the defection of Charles 
Lee, the treason of Benedict Arnold — with all the distressing respon- 
sibilities in which it involved him — the insufficiency of his supi)lies of 
men, money^ food, and clothing, must have left deep traces on his 
countenance as well as in his heart. But he is the same incomparable 
man as when, at only twenty-one, he was sent as a Commissioner from 
Governor Dinwiddie to demand of the French forces their authority for 
invading the King's dominions, or, as when, at twenty-three, he was 
the only mounted oflflcer who escaped the French bullets at Braddock's 
defeat. And here he stands foremost, auiong their Dukes and Marquises 
and Counts and Barons, receiving the surrender of the standards 
under which he had then fought against France, as a British colonial 
officer ! 

From the siege of Boston, where he obtained his first triumph, to 
this crowning siege of Yorktown — more than six long years — he has 
been one and the same ; bearing, beyond all others, the burden and 
heat of our struggle for independence; advising, directing, command- 
ing ; enduring deprivations and even injustices without a murmur, and 
witnessing the successes of others without jealousy. — while no such 
signal victory had yet been vouchsafed to his own immediate forces as 
could have satisfied a heart ambitious only for himself. But his am- 
bition was only for his Country, and he stands here at last, with repre- 
sentatives of all the States around him, and with representatives of 
almost all the great Nations of the world as witnesses, to receive, on the 
soil of his own native and beloved Virginia, the surpassing reward of 
his fortitude and patriotism. He has many great functions still to ful- 
fill — in presiding over the Convention to frame the Constitution, and in 
giving practical interpretation and construction to that Constitution by 
eight years of the first Presidency. But, with this event, the first 
glorious chapter of his career is closed, and he will soon be found at 
Annapolis in the sublime attitude of voluntarily resigning to Congress 
the plenary commission he had received from them, and retiring to 
private life. 

Virginians! you hold his dust as the most precious possession of your 
soil, and would not let it go even to the massive mausoleum prepared 
for it beneath the Capitol at Washington, which no other dust can ever 
fill. Oh, let his memory, his principles, his example, be ever as sacredly 
and jealously guarded in your hearts ! No second Washington will ever 
be yours, or ever be ours. Of no one but him could it have been justly 

said : 

All discord ceases at liis name — 
All ranks contend to swell liis fame. 

The highest and most coveted title whichany man can reach — not in our 
own land only, or in our own age only, but in all lands and in all ages? 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 91 

will still and ever be — that "he approached uearcst to Washingtou;" 
and in every exigency which may arise, the test qnestions of ijatriotism 
will be, "What would Washington have said?" "What would Wash- 
ington have done ? " The eloquent Laniartine exclaimed, as he so fear- 
lessly confronted the Red Plag of Cotnmunism, thirty-three years ago, 
in Paris : " The want of France is a Washington." Oar own country 
knows how to sympathize- with such a want. "While the Coliseum 
stands Rome shall stand," was the familiar proverb of antiquity. We 
associate the durability of our free institutions with no material struct- 
ure. Columns and obelisks, statues and monuments, consecrated halls 
and stately Capitols, may crumble and disappear; the little St. John's 
Church in Virginia, where Patrick Henry exclaimed, "Give me Liberty 
or give me Death," the old State House in Boston, where James 
Otis "breathed into this nation the breath of life" — the Old South, 
Faneuil Hall, Carpenter's Hall and the Hall of Independence at Phila- 
delphia, one after another, may be sacriticed to the improvement of a 
thoroughfare, or fall before the inexorable elements ; but when the char- 
acter and example of Washington shall have lost their hold upon the 
hearts of the people, when his precepts shall be discarded and his prin- 
ciples disowned and rejected, we may then begin to fear, if not to 
despair, for the perpetuity of our Union and of our Freedom. We were 
all Virginians once, when the Pilgrim Fathers signed their little Com- 
])act in the cabin of the Mayflower, and spoke of Plymouth and Massa- 
chusetts as " these northern parts of Virginia." We will all be Vir- 
ginians again, in revering the Father of his Country, in recognizing him 
as worthj' to be first forever in all American hearts, and in thanking 
God thaC, after so many delays, and discouragements, and trials, he 
was privileged to find on his native soil, a hundred years ago to-day, 
the scene of his most memorable triumph. 

And here, close at the side of Washington, behold the only other 
figure which remains to be specially designated on the field I have at- 
tempted to depict ! He stands proudly in the American line, in which 
he had so long and gallantly served ; but he stands as a representa- 
tive of more than one land — as a living link between two ; the beloved 
La Fayette! He must have felt at that moment — he certainly had a right 
to feel — that his fondest day-dream had been verified, his most ardent 
anticipations fulfilled. To the immediate consummation which he was 
now witnessing, his own compatriots had contributed the indispensable 
element of success, and for their co-operation he had lent the whole 
strength of his influence and his entreaties, and had led the way, at 
every cost and sacrifice, by his personal example. He had foreseen the 
result many months before, and thanked Washingtcm in one of his let- 
ters, "for the most beautiful prospect which I may ever behold." A 
long and eventful career is still before him, for he is but twenty-four 
years old, his twenty-fourth birthday having occurred during the prog- 
ress of the siege. He hastens home to give the name of Virginia to 



92 YOEKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

the daughter born after hits return. He is detstiued to command armies 
on his native soil. He is destined to be the subject of cruel imprison- 
ment, and excite the sympathies of the civilized world. He is to be 
the arbiter of dynasties, aiid lead up " a citizen king" to the throne of 
France. He is to revisit in triumph the land he has aided, to be re- 
ceived with more than regal honors, and to return home to die at last 
with the respect and affection of all good men. But nowhere will he 
stand more proudly than here, on this held of Yorktowu, by the side of 
his revered Washington, exulting in the legitimate fruits of his own un- 
tiring efforts. To no scene of his life did he recur with more enthusi- 
asm ; to no place did he come, during his last visit to our country, with 
more eagerness and even ecstasy. I have seen his ow^n private letter to 
his friend, President Monroe, written at Yorktown, on the 20th of Octo- 
ber, 1824, when, in company with the Governor of Virginia and Chief 
Justice Marshall, and Colonel Huger, of South Carolina— one of the 
two only surviving field officers of his American Light Infantry — he 
had spent the forty-third Anniversary of the Surrender on this spot, 
and had been the subject of that brilliant ceremonial reception. It 
was from the lips of James Madison, not many ye«rs afterwards, and 
but a few years before his death, under his own roof at Montpelier, 
that I learned to think and speak of La Fayette, not merely as an ardent 
lover of liberty, a bosom friend of Washington, and a brave and disin- 
terested volunteer for American Independence — leading the way, as a 
pioneer, for France to follow — but as a man of eminent practical abil- 
ity, and as great, in all true senses of that term, as he was chivalrous 
and generous and good. Honor to his memory this day from every 
American heart and tongue, and a cordial welcome to M. Bureaux de 
Pusy, M. de Corcelle, and to all others of his relatives who have ac- 
cepted the invitation of our Government, and whose presence on this 
occasion is hailed with such peculiar satisfaction and delight! 

Said 1 not justly, Fellow-Citizens, at the outset of this Address, that 
our earliest and our latest acknoMledgments to-day are due to France, 
for the joyous consummation which we are assembled to commemo- 
rate? Said I not justly, that — whatever confidence we may feel now, 
or whatever assurance there was then, that the ultimate result of the 
American struggle, whether aided or unaided, could have been nothing- 
less than Independence — our immediate success in the arduous conflict 
was owing, under God, to the assistance of that generous and gallant 
nation? Never, never can the fact be forgotten in the history of 
American liberty, nor ever can the obligations which were thus in. 
curred be lost from our most gratefnl recollections. jSTor do I think 
that France herself has a page in all her annals which she would be 
less willing to obliterate, least of all in these recent days when new 
ties of sympathy have been created between us as the two great sister 
Republics of the world. Certainly, if La Fayette himself could have 
looked forward from this field of Yorktown and foreseen that, when 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 93 

this Centeiiuial Ainiiversary sliouM be celebrated by the American 
l>eople, his own beloved country would be represented here by the rel- 
atives of Rochambeau, and by his own descendants, coming over as 
citizens of a F'rench Reiniblic, he would have felt that all his heroic 
eftbrts and sacrifices had not been made for tbe liberty of America 
only. Rut he did foresee it, as througli a glass darkly, it is true, for 
many years, but with a clearer and more confident eye before he died. 
Even at the moment of the Surrender he wrote, " Humanity has gained 
its suit; Liberty will nevei- more be witliout an asylum." Rut at 
Runker Hill, in 182"), during his triumphal tour, as the guest of the na- 
tion, he gave emphatic expression to liis faith, as well as his hope, 
when, after toasting "The resistance to oppression which has already 
enfranchised the American Hemisi)here,'' he added, " The next half 
century's Jubilee-Toast shall be, to enfranchised Europe !" 

We do not forget that it was from a Rourbon Moimrch we received 
this aid. We do not forget of what dynasty the vigilant and far-sighted 
A^ergennes, and the accomplished but somewhat wavering Necker, were 
^Ministers — together with the aged IMaurepas. over whose death-bed the 
tidings of this surrender "threw a halo." We do not forget that it 
was in the very uppermost ranks of French society that an enthusiasm 
for our contest for freedom first caught and kindled. We do not forget 
that it was from the highest nobility of France that so many of her 
brave soldiers came over to help us, and went home, alas! to reap such 
a harvest of horrors for themselves. We would not breathe a word or 
thought to-day in disparagement of those who were the immediate in. 
struments of our success on this field. The sad fate of Louis XVI and 
Marie Antoinette, and of so many of the gay young officers who were 
gathered here around Washington and Rochambeau, a century ago, 
caun6t be recalled by Americans without emotion, as they reflect that, 
by the very act of helping us to the establishment of republican insti- 
tutions, they were i^reparing the way for dethronement, exile, or death 
on the scaffold, for themselves. 

Rut it is to France that our acknowledgments are due — to France, 
then an Absolute Monarchy, afterwards an Empire, then a Constitu- 
tional Monarchy, again an Empire — but always France: TouJOURS la 
France! She has many glories to boast of in her history, glories in art 
and science, glories in literature and philosophy, glories in peace and 
war, brilliant statesmen and orators and authors, heroic soldiers and 
captains and conquerors on land and on sea; and even in the later 
pages of that history, amid all her recent reverses, the endurance and 
fortitude of her marvelously mercurial people — rising superior to what 
seemed a crushing downfall — have won tlie admiration and sympathy of 
the world. Wlien I witnessed personally, by a hai)py chance, the removal 
of the last scaffohling from that superb column in the Place Vendome, 
restored in all its original beauty as a priceless monument of history, 
1 could not but feel that the glories of France were safe. When we all 



94 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

witnessed, from afar, the magic promptness with which, at the call of 
her late admirable President, Thiers, and almost as at the touch of Midas, 
those millions of gold came pouring into the public coffers to provide for 
the immediate payment of her ransom from Germany, we all could not 
fail to feel that she had a reserv^ed i)ower to reinstate hei"self, as she has 
done, among the foremost nations of the world. Yet as her children, 
and her children's children for a thousand years, and till time shall be no 
more, shall review her varied and most impressive annals, since Gaul 
was conquered by Julius CtBsar, down through the days of Clovis and 
Charlemagne, through all her dynasties, Merovingian, Oarlovingian and 
Oapetian, Valois, Bourbon, Bouaparte, or Orleaus, their eyes will still 
rest, and still be reveted with just pride, on the brief but eventful story 
of this 19th of October, 1781. And as they read that story, her classical 
scholars will recall the account which the great Komau historian, Livy, 
has left us, of the splendid ceremonial at the celebration of the Isthmian 
games, when Titus Quiuctius, the lioman Proconsul and General, hav- 
ing subdued Philip of Macedon, and given freedom and independence 
to Greece, from lip to lip the saying" ran, and resounded over Corinth, 
in words which mighraliiiost have been written prophetically as well as 
historically, "That the he is a nation in the world which, at its 

OWN EXPENSE, WITH ITS OWN LABOR, AND AT ITS OWN RISK, WAGED 
WAR FOR THE LIBERTY OF OTHERS: AND THIS NOT MERELY FOR CON- 
TIGUOUS STATES, OR FOR NEAR NEIGHBORS, OR FoR COUNTRIES THAT 
MADE PART OF THE SAME CONTINENT; BUT THAT THEY EVEN CROSSED 
THE SEAS FOR THE PURPOSE, SO THAT NO UNLAWFUL POWER SHOULD 
SUBSIST ON THE FACE OF THE WHOLE EARTH, BUT THAT JUSTICE, 
RIGHT AND LAW SHOULD EVERYWHERE HAVE SOVEREIGN SWAVi"* 

More than twenty centuries divide the two records. Twenty centuries 
more may hardly include their like again. The two interventions, fake 
them for all in all — their incidents, their objects, their results — may, per- 
chance, stand unique forever on the respective pages of ancient and modern 
history. Our own Republic, certainly, with the farewell warning of Wash- 
ington in memory against all entangling alliances, and with its jealous ad- 
herence to Monroe doctrines, is neither in the way of reciprocating- such 
aid, nor of ever invoking it again. Not the less gracefully and fervently, 
however, may we acknowledge and celebrate the noble act of France^ 
and ofter to her, as we do this day, in the name of our whole Country, 
and in the name of American Liberty, a renewed assurance of the grati- 
tude which is so justly her due, and which no lapse of time can ever 
extinguish in our hearts. Our commemorative Column has lingered 
indeed, with almost all the other monuments and statues ordered by 
our government in those days of narrow resources and inadequate art. 
All the more significantly' and imposingly it will now rise, not in mere 
fulfllluient of the resolution of the old Continental Congress, but by the 
solemn decree of fifty millions of living people, with all the accumulated 

*Liv. Hist. lib. 83. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRA.TION. 95 

arrears of gratitude of intervening generations. " Major, quo serior, 
gloria, ubi invidia secessit." Jt will stand like some stately century 
plant, whose blossoms attract the gaze and admiration of observers all 
the more intently because they have taken a hundred years for their 
development: 

Welcome, welcome, then, to the representatives of France — of her 
President, of her Army and Navy, and all her Departments — His Ex- 
cellency M. Outre>, Colonel Lichtensteiu, General Boulanger, Captain 
de Cuverville, and the others who have come at the invitation of our 
Government to witness some of the results of what Frenchmen did for 
us, and helj^ed us to do for ourselves, so long ago ; and may peace and 
good will be perpetual between the land of La Fayette and the land of 
Washington ! 

With the event which we are commemorating, the War of the An)eri- 
ean Revolution was practically closed. A year and a half still remained 
for General Gbhene to display his vigilance and valor at the South, and 
for General Heath and others to control and administer our posts at the 
North, while our commissioners in Paris were exhausting all the arts 
of diplomacy in ai ranging the formal Treaty of Independence and Peace 
with Great Britain. Not until the 18th of April, 1783, was Washington 
able to issue his memorable Order for the Cessation of Hostilities — a day 
which, as he said in that order — referring to the tii^st blood at Lexing- 
ton and Concord — '- completes the eighth year of the war." But the 
real consummation had been accomplished on this tield. The tirst blow 
for independence dates from Massachusetts. The Declaration of Inde- 
pendence dates from Philadelphia. But the crowning and clinching 
victory is forever associated with Virginia, and throws unfading luster 
upon these surrounding shores and plains. And thus, by a striking 
coincidence, the final triumphal scene of our great revolutionary drama 
was reserved for the very same shores and surroundings on which the 
earliest American colonization was attempted, and at last successfully 
accomplished, under the inspiration of Sir Walter Raleigh, a century 
and a half before. Jamestown and Yorktown ! How much of the most 
impressive history of our country is condensed in the names of those 
two neighboring Virginia localities — at this day, indeed, but little more 
than names, but always have a place in the same fond remembrance 
with Plymouth Rock and Bunker Hill ! 

And now, fellow-countrymen, as we look back at that history at this 
hour, and see at what a great price our fathers i)urchased for us the 
freedom we are so richly enjoying— at what a cost of toil and treasure 
and blood these republican institutions of ours have been founded and 
built ui)— can there fail to come home to each one of our hearts a deeper 
sense of our responsibility, as a peo])le and as individuals, for uphold- 
ing, advancing, and transmitting them unimpaired to our jwsterity ? 
The centurv which has rolled away since the scene we commemorate 



96 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

needs no review on this occasion. It has made its mark upon our laud^ 
and written its own history on all our memories. The immense increase 
of our population, the vast expansion of our territory, the countless pro- 
ductions of our industry, the measureless mass of our crops, the magi- 
cal reduction of our debt, the marvelous prosperity of our people be- 
yond that of all other nations of the earth — all these are things not to 
boast of as if they were of our own accomplishment, but to recognize 
and thank God for with all our hearts. Nor can we of this generation 
stand here to-day on this Viiginia soil, beneath this October sun, with- 
oiit an irrepressible thrill of exultation and thanksgiving, that we are 
here as brothers from the St. John's to the Kio (irande, from the Atlan- 
tic to the Pacific — all conflicts long over, and all causes for conflicts at 
an end — fifty millions of people, all free and equal, and all recognizing 
one Country, one Constitution, one Flag, to be cherished in every heart- 
to be defended by every hand ! 

But it is of our future, not of the ])ast or even of the i)resent, that I 
would speak in the brief remnant of this Address. It is not what we 
have been, or what we have done, or even what we are. that weighs on 
our thoughts at this hour, even to the point of o]ii)ressiveness ; but 
what, what are we to be "? What is to be tlie character of a second cen- 
tury of independence for America f What are to be its issues for our- 
selves? What are to be its influences on mankind at large? And 
what can we do, all powerless, as we are, to pierce the clouds which rest 
upon the future, or to penetrate the counsels of an overruling Provi- 
dence — what can we do to secure these glorious institutions of ours from 
decline and fall, that other generations may enjoy what we now enjoyy 
and that our liberty may indeed be "a liberty to that only which is 
good, just, and honest" — a " Liberty enlightening the World." 

We cannot, if we would, conceal from others or from ourselves, that 
all has not gone well with us of late, and that there has been, and still 
is, in many minds an anxious, if not a fearful, looking forward to what 
is to come. 1 do not forget that other lands have not been exempt from 
simultaneous and even similar troubles with our own, and that a con- 
tagion of crime and tumult seems to have been sweeping over both 
hemispheres alike. We need not certainly make too much of our own 
discreditable deadlocks at Washington or at Albany, while the Prime 
Minister of England is heard lamenting that "the greatest and noblest 
of all representative assemblies in the world is in some degree disabled^ 
in some degree dishonored, by the abuse of rules intended for the de- 
fense of liberty." But these have not been the worst signs of our times 
It was strikingly said by a great moral and religious writer of old Eng- 
land, in the last century, in relation to his own land, that " between the 
period of national honor and complete degeneracy there is usually an 
interval of national vanity, during which examples of virtue are re- 
counted and admired without being imitated." Oh, let us beware lest 
we should be approaching such an interval in our own history! ISTo one 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 97 

will deny that there is enouoh of recounting aiul extolliu<; the great 
examples of virtue and valor and patriotism which have been left us 
by our fathers. Voices of admiration and eulogy resound throughout 
the land. Statues and monuments and obelisks are rising at every 
corner. There can hardly be too many of them. But vice and crime 
peculation and embezzlement, bribery, corruption, profligacy, and even 
assassination, alas! stalk our streets and stare up at such memorials 
nnrebuked and unabashed. And are there not symptoms of malarias, 
in some of our high places more pestilent thau any that ever emanated 
from Potomac or even Pontine marshes, infecting our whole civil serv- 
ice, and tainting the very life-blood of the nation ? 

Let me not exaggerate our dangers, or dash the full Joy of this occa- 
sion, by suggesting too strongly that there may be i)oison in our cup. 
But I must be pardoned, as one of a past generation, for dealing with 
old-fas4iioned counsels in old fashoned phrases. Profound dissertations 
on the nature of government, metaphysical speculations on the true 
theory of civil liberty, scientific dissections of the machinery of our own 
political system — even were I capable of them — would be as inappropri- 
ate as they would be worthless. Our reliance for the preservation of 
Republican liberty can only be on the common-place principles, and 
common sense maxims, which lie within the comprehension of the chil- 
dren in our schools, or of the simplest and least cultured man or women 
who wields a hammer or who plies a needle. 

The fear of the Lord must still and ever be the beginning of our wis- 
dom, and obedience to His commandments the rule of our lives. Crime 
must not go unpunished, and vice must be stigmatized and rebuked as 
vio^.. Human life must be held sacred, and lawless violence and blood- 
shed cease to be regarded as a redress or remedy for anything. It is 
not by assassinating Emperors or Presidents that the welfare of man- 
kind or the liberty of the people is to be promoted. Such acts ought to 
be as execrable in the sight of man as they are in the sight of God. 
The only one-man power this country has had to tremble at, is the power, 
of some wretched miscreant, seeking spoils but finding none, with a pistol 
in his hand, to neutralize and nullify the votes of millions, and put a 
beloved President to torture and to death. The rights of the humblest, 
as well as of the highest, must be respected and enforced. Labor, in 
all its departments, must be justly remunerated and elevated, and the 
true dignity of labor recognized. The i)oor must be wisely visited and 
liberally cared for, so that mendicity shall not be tempted into mendac- 
ity, nor want exasperated into crime. The great duties of iiulividual 
citizenship must be conscientiously discharged. Peace, order, and the 
good old virtues of honesty, charity, temperance, and industry must be 
cultivated and reverenced. The purity of private life must be cherished 
and guarded, an<l luxury and extravagance discouraged. Polygamy 
must cease to polhite our land. Profligate literature must be scorned 
and left unpurchased. Public opinion must be refined, purified, strength- 
S. Kep. 1003 7 



98 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

ened, aud rendered prevailiug' aud imperative, by the best thoughts and 
best words which the press, the platform, and the pulpit can pour forth. 
The pen and the tongue alike must be exercised under a sense of moral 
responsibility. In a word, the less of government we have by formal 
laws and statutes, the more we need, and the more we must have, of 
individual self-government. 

For, my friends, there must be government of some sort, aud it must 
be exercised and enforced. Cities aud towns must make provision for 
all that relates to cities and towns. States, which still and always have 
duties, which still and always have rights, must i)rovide for all that 
justly relates to States. And the general government of the Union 
must exercise its paramount authority over everything of domestic or 
foreign interest which comes within the sphere of its constitutional con- 
trol. Civil service must be reformed. Elections aud appointments, as 
Burke said, must be made "as to a sacred function and not iis to a 
pitiful job." The elective franc^hise must be everywhere protected. 
Public credit must be maintained in city, state, and nation, at every 
sacrifice. Neither a gold nor a silver currency, nor botli coiijoined — 
neither mono nietalisms nor bi-metalisms — can form any substitute 
for the honesty and good faith which are the basis of an enduring pub- 
lic credit. Our independent judicial system, with all the rights and 
duties of the jury-box, must be respected and uiiheld. The army and 
the navy must be adequately maintained for the defense of our coasts 
and commerce and boundaries, and the militia not neglected for domes- 
tic exigencies; but Peace, at home and abroad, must still and ever be 
the aim and end of all our preparations for war. Above all, the Union — 
the Union "in any event," as Washington said — must be preserved! 

r>ut let me add at once that, with a view to all these ends, and as the 
indispensable means of promoting and securing them all. Universal Edu- 
cation, without distinction of race, must be encouraged, aided, and en- 
forced. The elective franchise can never be taken away from any of 
those to whom it has once been granted, but we can and must make 
education coextensi\e with the elective franchise ; and it must be done 
without uehiy, as a measure of self-f'efense, and with the general co- 
operation of the iiuthorities and of the people of the whole country. 
One-half oi our country, during the last ten or fifteen years, has been 
opened for the first time to tlie introduction and establishment of free 
common schools, and there is not wealth enough at present in that 
region t(^ provide for this great necessity. "Two millions of children 
without the means of instruction" was the estimate of the late Dr. 
Sears, in 1879, Everj^ year brings another installment of brutal igno- 
rance to the polls, to be the subject of cajolement, deception, corruption, 
or intimidation. Here, here, is our greatest danger for the future. The 
words of our late lamented President, in his Inaugural, come to us to- 
day with redoubled emphasis from that unclosed grave on the Lake: 
"All the constitntional power of the Nation and of the States, and all 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 99^ 

the volunteer forces of tlie People sliould be suiiuiioiied to meet this 
danger by the saving intluence of universal education." No drought 
or flood or conflagration, no su(;cession of droughts or floods or confla- 
grations, can be so disastrous to our material wealth as this periodical 
influx, these airnual inuiulations, of ignorance, to our iiu)ral and jmliti- 
cal welfiire. Every year, every day, of delay increases tJie difficulty of 
meeting the danger. Slavery is but half abolislied, emancipation is 
but half completed, while millions of fieemen with votes in their hands 
are left without education. Justice to them, the welfare of the States 
in which they live, the safety of the whole ]lepublic, the diguity of the 
Elective Franchise, alike demand that the still remaining bonds of ig- 
nortince shall be uidoosed and broken, and the minds as well as the 
bodies of the emancipated go free ! 

I know whereof [ speak ; and have certainly given time enough, and 
thought enough to the subject, for fourteen years i)ast, in my relations 
to a great Southern Trust to learn, at least, what that Trust has done, 
what it can do, and what it cannot do. It has been thus far as a voice 
crying in the wilderness — calling on the i)eople of the South to under- 
take the great work for themselves, and })rei)aring tlie way for its suc- 
cessful ijrosecution. It nu»y be l(>oke<l back upon, one of these days, 
if not now, as the little leaven whieh has leavened the whole lump. But 
the whole lump must be kneaded and molded and worked over, with 
unceasing activity and energy, by every town, village, and district, for 
itself, or thei'c will be no surticient bread for the hungry and famished 
masses. And there must l)e aids aiul appropriations and endowments, 
by Cities and States, and by the Nation at large, through its public 
lands, if in no other waj, aud to an amount compared with which the 
gift of George Peabody — muniticent as it was for an individual bene- 
factor — is but as the small dust of the balance. 

It is itself one of the great rights of a free people to be educated and 
trained up from childhood to that ability to govern themselves, which 
is the largest element in rei)ublican self-government, aud without which 
all self government u)ust be a failure and a farce, here and everywhere ! 
It is indeed primarily a right of our children, and they are not able to 
enforce and vindicate it for themselves. But let us beware of subjecting 
ourselves to the ineffable reproach of robbing the children of their 
i>read, and easting it before dogs, by wasting untold millions on corrupt 
or extravagant projects, and starving onr common schools. The whole 
held of the Union is now open to education, and the whole tield of the 
Uuion must be occupied. Free Governments must stand or fall with 
Free Schools. These and these alone can supi)ly the firm fouiulation ; 
and that foundation must, at this very moment, be extemled and strength- 
ened and rendered immovable and indestructible, like that of the gigan- 
tic obelisk of Washington, if the boasted fabric of liberty, for which 
this victory cleared the ground^ is not to settle and totter and crumble ! 

Tell me not that lam indulging in truisms. I knowthey are truisms ; 



100 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

but they are better — a thousaud fold better — than Nihilisms or Com- 
munisms or Fenniaism, or any of the other isms which are making 
such headway in supplanting them, No advanced thought, no mys- 
tical philosophy, no glittering abstractions, no swelling phrases about 
freedom — not even science with all it marvelous inventions and discov- 
eries — can help us much in sustaining this Republic. Still less can any 
Godless theories of Creation, or any infidel attempts to rule out the Re- 
deemer from his rightful supremacy in our hearts, afford us any hope 
of security. That way lies despair ! Commonplace truths, old familiar 
teachings, the Ten Commandments, the Sermon on the Mount, the 
Farewell Address of Washington, honesty, virtue, patriotism, univer- 
sal education, are what the world most needs in these days, and our 
own part of the world as much as any other part. Without these we 
are lost. With these, and with the blessing of God, which is sure to 
follow them, a second century of our Republic may be confidently 
looked forward to; and those who shall gather on this field, a hun- 
dred years hence, shall then exult, as we are now exulting, in the 
continued enjoyment of the free institutions bequeathed to us V>y our 
fathers, and in honoring the memories of those who have sustained 
them ! 

It is matter of record, fellow-citizens, that on the day after th-e Sur- 
render here had taken place, Washington issued his General Order con- 
gratulating the Army on the glorious event. That Order concluded as 
follows: " Divine service is to be performed to-morrow in the several 
brigades and divisions. The Commander-in-Chief recommends that the 
troops not on dnty should universally attend, with the seriousness of 
deportment and gratitude of heart which the recognition of such reiter- 
ated and astonishing interpositions of Providence demand of us." Ac- 
cordingly, on Sunday, the Ulst of October, the various divisions were 
drawn up in the field to offer " to the Lord of Hosts, the God of Battles,' 
says the journalist Thacher, "their grateful homage for the preserva- 
tion of our lives through the dangers of the siege, and for the important 
event with which Divine Providence has seen fit to crown our efforts." 

The joyful tidings reached Philadelphia by the hand of Colonel Tilgh- 
man, at midnight of the 23d, and the next morning were formally com- 
municated to Congress, when resolutions were passed, on motion of Mr. 
Randolph, of Virginiai, of which the very first was as follows : 

Resolved, That Congress will at two o'clock this day go iii procession to the Dutch 
Lutheran Church and return thanks to Almighty God for crowning the Allied Arms of 
the United States and France with success, by the surrender of the whole British Army 
under the command of the Earl of Cornwallis. 

Two days only intervened when, on the 2Gth, a Solemn Proclamation 
was issued by Congress, acknowledging "the influence of Divine Provi- 
dence in raising up for us a powerful Ally"; and praying God " to pro- 
tect and prosper that illustrious Ally, and to favor our united exertions 
for the speedy establishment of a safe, honorable, and lasting peace." 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 101 

In France tlie tidings were received witli a similar recognition of the 
Divine aid ; and orders were sent out at once by the King for a solemn 
Te Denm of thanksgiving by his troops in America, The King himself 
wrote a special letter to Rochambean, signed by his own hand, and 
dated at Versailles, 2Gth of November, 1781, concluding with these im- 
pressive words: "In calling these events to the mind, and acknowledg- 
ing how much the abilities of General Washington, your talents, those 
of the general officers employed under the orders of you both, and the 
valor of the troops, have rendered this campaign glorious, my chief de- 
sign is to ins]>ire the hearts of all as well as mine with the deepest grat- 
itude towards the Author of all prosperity; and in the intention of ad- 
dressing my supplication to Him for the continuation of his divine pro- 
tection, I have written to the Archbishops and Bishops of my Kingdom 
to cause Te Deum to be sung in the churches of their dioceses; and I 
address this letter to inform you, that I desire it may be likewise sung 
in the town or camp where you may be with the corps of troops, the 
command of which has been intrusted to you, and that you would give 
orders that the ceremouj- be performed with all the i)ublic rejoicings 
used in similar cases, in which I beg of God to keep you in his holy pro- 
tection." 

All France, as well as all America, was thus ringing and resounding 
with the praise of God for our great deliverance. 

" Not unto us, not unto us," was the emotion and the utterance of the 
whole American people, and of all who symi)athized with the American 
])eople of that day; and "not unto rrs, not unto irs, but unto Thy name 
be the praise," must still be the emotion and the utterance of us all as 
we contemplate the comjileted century of Kepubliinin liberty which that 
day rrshered in. Commemorative columns and splendid ceremonials are 
fit tributes of gratitrrde to the mortal or immortal men of our own land 
and of other lands who were the instruments of achieving our inde- 
pendence. But "Glory to God in the Highest" must swell up from 
every true heart and lip at this hour for what Washington well called 
" the reiterated and astonishing interpositions" which not only carried 
us through the Revolutioir triumphantly, brrt which, during the centirry 
which has succeeded it, have overruled so wonderfully, to our ])ermanent 
welfare, events which to human eyes seemed fatal to our prosperity and 
peace! The great French historian and statesman, Guizot, has re- 
minded us, in that ])opular history of his own land to which he devoted 
the last labors of his life, that in 1776, before the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, " the Virginians had adopted, at the close of their ])rocla- 
mations, the i)roudly significant phrase, 'God save the Liberties of 
America !'" Let that Virginia phrase be the fervent phrase of us all in 
all time to come; and let the legend we have stamped upon our coin, 
and inserted in the very eagle's beak, be indelibly impressed on every 
patriotic heart — "In God we trust." 



102 YOKKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

Fellow-Citizens of the Uuited States — Citizens of the old Tliirteen of 
the Eevoiutiou, and Citizens of the new Twenty-five, whose stars are 
now glittering- with no inferior Inster in oar glorious galaxy — yes, and 
Citizens of the still other States v.hich I dare not attempt to number, 
but which are destined at no distant period to be evolved from our im- 
perial Texas and Territories — I hail you all as brothers to-day, and call 
upon you all, as you advance in successive generations, to stand fast 
in the faith of the Fathers, and to uphold and maintain unimpaired the 
matchless institutions which are now ours ! "You are the advanced 
guard of the human race; you have the future of the world,'' said Madame 
de Stael to a distinguished American, recalling witli pri<le what France 
had done for us at Yorktown. Let us lift oui'selves to a full sense of 
such a responsibility for the progress of Freedom in other lands as well 
as in our own. It is not ours to intervene for the redress of griev- 
ances, or for the establishment of Independence elsewhere, as France 
did here, with fleets and armies. But we can and must intervene — and 
we are intervening, daily and hourly, for better or worse — by the influ- 
ence and the force of our exami)le. Kext, certainly, to promoting the 
greatest good of the greatest number at home, the supreme mission of our 
Country is to hold up before the eyes of all mankind a practical, well-regu- 
lated, successful system of Free, Constitutional Government, purely ad- 
ministered and loyally supported — giving assurance and furnishing proof 
that true liberty is not iucom])atible with the maintenance of Order, with 
obedience to Law, and with a lofty standard of political ami social Virtue. 
Every foilure here, every degree of failure here, through insubordina- 
tion or discord, through demoralization, corruiition, or crime, throws 
back the cause of freedom everywhere, and presents our country as a 
warning, instead of as an encouragement, to the liberal tendencies of 
other governments and other lands. We cannot escape from the re- 
sponsibility of this great Intervention of American Example ; and it in- 
volves nothing less than the hope, or the despair of the Ages ! Let us 
strive, then, to aid and advance the Liberty of the world, in the only 
legitimate way in our power, by patriotic fidelity and devotion in up- 
holding, illustrating, and adorning our own Free lustitutious. " Si)artam 
nactus es: Hanc exorna!" There is no limit to our prosperity and 
welfare, if we are true to those institutions. We have nothing now to 
fear except from ourselves. There is no boundary line for separating 
us, without cordons of custom-houses, and garrisons of standing ar- 
mies, which would change the whole character of those institutions. 
We are One by the configuration of nature and by the strong impress 
of art — inextricably intertwined by the lay of our land, the run of our 
rivers, the chain of our lakes, and the iron net-work of our crossing 
and recrossiug and ever multiplying and still advancing tracks of 
trade and travel. We are One by the memories of our fathers. We 
are One by the hoi)es of our children. We are One by a Constitution 
and a Union which have not only survived the shock of Foreign and 
Civil War, but have stood the abeyance of almost all administration. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 103 

while the whole ])eoi)le were waitiii.^' breathless, in alternate hope and 
fear, for the issues of an execrable crime. We are One — bound together 
afresh — by the electric chords of sympathy and sorrow, vibrating and 
thrilling, day by day of tlie live-long summer, through every one of our 
hearts, for our basely wounded and bravely suffering President — bring- 
ing us all down on our knees together in common supplications for his 
life, and involving us all at last in a common flood of grief at his 
death ! T cannot forget that as 1 left President Garfield, after a 
friendlj"^ visit at the Executive Mansion last May, his parting words to 
me were, ''Yes, I shall be with you at Yorktown." We all miss him 
and mourn him here to-day ; and not only the rulers and people of all 
nations have united with us in paying homage to his memory, but !N'a- 
ture herself, I had almost said, has seemed to sympathize in our sor- 
row — giving us ashes for beauty, and parched and leaden leaves on all 
our forests, instead of their wonted autumn gbries of crimson and 
gold ! But 1 dare not linger, amid festive scenes like these, on that 
great affliction, which has added, indeed, "another hallowed name to 
the Idstorical inheritance of our Republic," but which has thrown a 
pall of deepest tragedy upon the failing curtain of our first century. 
Oh, let not its influences be lost upon us for the century to come, but 
let this very field, consecrated heretofore by a great surrender of for- 
eign foes, be hereafter associated, also, with the nobler surrender to 
each other of all our old sectional animosities and prejudices, and let 
us be One, henceforth and always, in mutual regard, conciliation, and 
affection ! 

" Go on, hand in hand, O States, never to be disunited ! Be the praise 
and the heroic song of all posterity ! Join your invincible might to do 

worthy and godlike deeds ! And then " But I will not add, as 

John Milton added, in closing his inimitable appeal on Reformation in 
England, two centuries and a half ago, "A cleaving curse be his in- 
heritance to all generations who seeks to break your Union !" No im- 
precations or anathemas shall escape my lips on this auspicious day. 
Let me rather invoke, as I devoutly and fervently do, the choicest and 
richest blessings of Heaven on those who shall do most, in all time to 
come, to preserve our beloved Country in xTxXity, peace, and concord ! 



Tin: Star t?rAXGLKi> Banner. 

By the chorus under Prolcssor StMsjel. Acconipaunient by the United Stattss MariiiP 

Blind. 



The chairman of the Commis.sion then introduced James Barron 
Hope, esq., of Virginia, saying : 

Mr. Chairman. I have now the pleasure of introducing one of Vir- 
ginia's most gifted sons, James Barron Hope, esq., who has been se- 
lected by the Commission to deliver the Centennial poem. 



104 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 



ARMS AND THE MAN: 

A METRICAL ADDRESS RECITED ON THE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY 

OF THE SURRENDER OF LORD CORNWALLIS, AT YORKTOWN, ON 

INVITATION OF A JOINT COMMITTEE OF THE SENATE 

AND HOUSE OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS, 

BY JAMES BARROX HOPE, OF VIRGINIA. 

[Correspondence omitted.] Copyright secured. 

POEM. 

By James Barron Hope. 

PROLO&XJE. 

Full-burnished through the long revolving years 
The plowshare of a Century to-day 
Runs peaceful furrows where a crop of Spears 
Ouce stood in War's array. 

And we, like those who on the Troad's plain, 
See hoary secrets wrenched from ujiturned sods. 
Who, in their fancy, hear resound again 
The battle-cry of Gods, 

We now, this splendid scene before us spread. 
Where Freedom's full hexameter began. 
Restore our Epic, which the Nations read 
As far its thunders ran. 

Here Visions throng on People and on Bard ; 
Ranks all a-glitter, in battalions massed, 
And closed around us like a plumed guard, 
They lead us down the Past. 

I see great Shapes in vague confusion march 
Like giant shadows, moving vast and slow, 
Beneath some torch-lit temple's mighty arch, 
Where long processions go. 

I see these Shapes before me all unfold, 
But ne'er can fix them on the lofty wall. 
Nor tell them save as she of Endor told 
What she beheld to Saul. 

I see his Shape who should have led these ranks — 
Garfield I see, whose presence had evoked 
The stormy raptures of a Nation's thanks — 
His chariot stands unyoked ! 

Unyoked and empty, and the Charioteer 

To Fame's expanded arms has headlong rushed, 

Ending the glories of his grand career. 

While all the world stood hushed. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 106 

The thunder of his wheels is done, but he, 
Sustained by patience, fortitude, and grace — 
A Christian Hero — from the struggle free, 
Has won the Christian's race. 

His wheel-tracks stop not in the Valley cold, 
But upward lead, and on, and up, and higher. 
Till Hope can realize and Faith behold 
His chariot mount in fire. 

Therefore, my Countrymeu, lift up your hearts! 
Therefore, my Countrymen, be not cast down! 
He lives with those who well have done their parta, 
And God bestowed his crown. 

And yet another form to day I miss — 
Grigsby, the scholar, good, and pure, and wise, 
Who now, perchance, from scenes of perfect bliss, 
Looks dowu with tender eyes. 

Where his great friend through life, great Wiuthrop, stands ; 
Winthrop, whose gift in life's departing hours 
Went to the dying Old Virginian's hands. 
Who died amid those flowers.* 

Prayers change to blooms, the ancient Rabbins taught ; 
So his, then, seemed to blossom forth and glow, 
As if his supplicating soul had brought 
Sandalphou down below. 

But, hai>pily, that Winthrop stood to-day 
The patriot, scholar, orator, and sage, 
To tell the meaning of this grand array 
And vindicate an Age. 

That Era's life and meaning his to teach, 
To him the parchments, but the shell to me ; 
His voice the voice of billow^s on the beach 
Wherein we heard the sea : 

My voice the voice of some sequestered stream, 
Which only boasts, as on its waters glide, 
That here and there it shows a broken gleam 
'^f pictures on its tide. 

I. 

The fountain of our story spreads no clouds 
Of mist ; above it rich in purple glows; 
None paint us Gods and Goddesses in crowds 
Where some Scarnander flows. 

ihe tale of Jamestown, which I need not gild, 
With that of Plymouth by the world is seen, 
But none in visions fancifully build 
Olympus in between. 



*Hugh Blaii Giigsby, LL. D., Chancellor of William and Mary College, and prosidout of the Vii- 
ginia Historical Society, Scholar and Histori.an, died on the day on which he received a gitt of flowers 
from hia life-long friend Mr. Winthrop, and these literally gladdened the dying eyes of the nohle gen- 
tleman, whose loss will long be deplored by all who knew hiin, whether they live in Virginia or Mas 
sachusetts. 



106 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

At Jaiuestowu stood the Saxou's home aud grave.s; 
There Britain's sjnay broke on the native rock; 
There rose the English tide with crested waves 
And overwhelming shock. 

Virginia thence, stirred by a grand unrest, 
Swept o'er the waters, scaled the mountain's crag, 
Hewed out a more than Roman roadway West, 
And i)lanted there her flag. 

Her fortune was ftn-ewritten even then : 
That fortune in the coming years to be 
"Mother of States and nupolluted men," 
Aud nurse of Liberty I 

Then 'twas our coast all bore Virginia's name ; 
Next North Virginia took its se[)arate place, 
And grew by slow degrees in wealth and fame 
And Freedom's special grace. 

IL 

At Plymouth Rock a handful of brave souls, 
Full armed in faith, erected home and shrine. 
And flourished where the wild Atlantic rolls 
Its pyramids of brine. 

There rose a manly race, austere and strong. 
On whom no lessons of their day were lost ; 
Earnest as some Conventicle's deeji song. 
And keen as their own frost. 

But that shrewd frost became a friend to those 
Who fronted there the Ice King's bitter storm, 
For see we not that underneath the snows 
The growing wheat keeps warm ? 

Soft ease and silken opulence they spurned, 
From sands of silver, aud from emerald boughs, 
With golden ingots laden full, they turned 
Like Pilgrims under vows. 

For them no tropic seas, no slumbrous calms. 
No rich abundance genei'ously unrolled ; 
In place of Cromwell's proft'ered flow'rs and palms 
They fronted long-drawn cold. 

The more it blew, the more they faced the gale ; 
The more it snowed, the more they would not freeze, 
And when crops failed on sterile hill and vale 
They went to reap the seas! 

Far North, through wild and stormy brine they ran, 
With hands a-cold plucked Winter by the locks! 
Masterful mastered great Leviathan ! 

And drove the foam as flocks! 



YORKTOWX CELEBRATION. 107 

III. 

Next iu their ordor c;uiie the Middle Group : 
Perchance less hardy, but as brave they grew — 
Grew straight and tall, -with not a bend nor stoop, 
Ileart-tiinber through and through ! 

Midway between the ardent heat and cold 
They spread abroad, and, by a lioraely spell, 
The iron of their axes changed to gold 
As fast the forests fell ! 

Doing the things they found to do, we see 
That thus they diew a iiiighty empire's charts. 
And, working for the presejit, took iu fee 
The future for their marts! 

And there, uucliallenged, may the boast be made, 
Although they do not hold his sacred dust. 
That theirs the man who never once betraj'ed 
The simi)le Indian's trust. 

Theirs, too, the genius which linked silver Lakes 
With the blue Ocean and the outer world, 
And the fair banner which their Commerce shakesj 
Wise Clinton's hand unfurled. 

IV. • 

Then sweeping down below Virginia's capes. 
From Chesapeake to where Savannah flows, 
We find the settlers laughing 'mid their grapes 
And ignorant of snoAvs. 

The fragrant uppou'odc and golden corn 
Spread fara-tield by river and lagoon, 
And all the months poured out from Plenty's Horn 
Were opulent as June. 

Yet they had tragedies full dark and fell — 
Lone Roanoke Island rises on the view, 
And this Peninsula its tale could tell 
Of Opecancanough. 

Bnt when the Ocean thunders on the shore. 
Its "waves though broken overflow the beach, 
So here our fathers on and onward bore 

With English laws and speech. 

Soft skies above them, under foot rich soils, 
Silence and savage at their presence fled — 
This Giants' Causeway, sacred by their toils, 
Resounded at their tread. 

With ardent hearts and ever-open hands, 
Kindly and honest, brave and proud they grew, 
Their lives and habits colored by fair lands 
As skies give waters hue. 



108 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION, 

A semi-Feudal state and pomp were theirs, 
Their knightly figures shine iu purple mist, 
With ghostly pennons flung from ghostly spears 
And ghostly hawks on wrist. 

By enterprise and high adventure stirred, 
From half-moon fort and sentry-guarded croft 
They hawked at Empire, and, as on they spurred. 
Fate's falcon soared aloft ! 

Fate's falcon soared aloft, full, strong, and free, 
With blood on talons, plumage, beak, and breast! 
Her shadow like a storm- shade on the sea 
Far-sailing down the West ! 

Swift hoofs clang out behind that Falcon's flights — 
Hoofs shod with Golden Horse Shoes catch the eye I 
And as they ring we see the Forest-Knights — 
The Cavaliers ride bv ! 



Midway between the orange and the snows. 
As some fair planet rounds up fiom the sea. 
Eldest of all the Central Power arose 
In vague immensity. 

She stretched from Seas in sun to Lakes in shade 
O'erstepped swift Rio Escondido's stream — 
Her bounds expressed, as by the Tudor made, 
An Alexander's dream. 

And liberal Stuart granted broad and free 
Bound'ries which still the annalist may boast — 
Limits which ran "thioughout from sea to sea," 
And far along the coast ! 

A mighty shaft through Raleigh's fingers slipped. 
Smith shot it, and a Continent awoke! 
For that great arrow, with an acorn tipped, 
Pla-jted an English Oak ! 



VI. 



Oaks multiplied apace, and o'er the seas 
Big rumors went in many a wid'ning ring, 
And stories fabulous on every breeze 
Swept to a distant King. 

Full many a tale of wild romance and myth 
In large hyperbole the New World told, 
And down from days of Raleigh and of Smith 
The Colonies meant gold. 

Not from Banchoonaji's mines came forth the ore, 
But from the waters, and the woods, and fields 
Paid for in blood, and bringing more and more 
The wealth that labor yields. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 109 

Then, seeing this, thai King beyond the sea, 
The jus divinum lillitig all his ami), 
Bethought him that he held these lands in fee 
And absolute control. 

When this high claim in action was displayed 
With one accord the young Plantations spoke 
And told him, English-like, they were not made 
To plow with stich a yoke. 

Thus met, not his to falter, nor to flag : 
A sudden fury seized the royal breast — 
Prouietheus Bound upon a Scythian crag 
His policy expressed. 

And so he ordered, in those stormy hours. 
His adamantine chains for oue and all. 
Brute "Force" and soulless "Strength" the only powers 
On which he chose to call. 

Great men withstood him mauya weary day ; 
In Press and Parliament full well they strove, 
But all in vain; for he was sworn to play 
A travesty on Jove ! 

Thenljlazed the crater and the flame took wing, 
Furious and far the lava raged around, 
Until, at last, on this same spot that King 
His Herculaneum found! 

Breed's Hill became Vesuvius, and its stream 
Rushed forth through years, a God-directed tide, 
To light two Worlds aiul realize the dream 
For which braA'e Warren died. 



VI. 



Before this thought the present hour recedes, 
As from the beach a billow backward rolls. 
Anil the great past, rich in heroic deeds, 
Illuminates our souls! 

Stern Massachusetts Bay uplifts her form, 
Boston the tale of Lexington repeats, 
With breast unarmored she confronts the storm- 
New England England meets! 

I see the Middle Group by Fortune made 
The bloody Flanders of the Northern coast. 
And, in a varying play of light and shade, 
Host, thund'riug, fall on host! 

I see the Carolinas, Georgia mowed 
By War, the Reaper, and grim Ruin stalk 
O'er wasted flelds ; but Guilford paved the road 
That led to this same York! 



110 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

Here, too, Virginia in the vision comes 
Full-bent to crown the battle's closing arch, 
Her pulses trumpets and her heart-throbs drunm 
To animate her march ! 

As Pocahontas, acting for all time. 
Leaped forth the wrath of Powhatan to brave. 
She hither came, and here she stood sublime 
To perish ir to save. 

I see her interposing now her frame 
Between her sisters and the alien bauds, 
And taking both of Freedom and of Fame 
Full seizin with her hands. 

VIT. 

But in that tiery zone 
She iipriseth not .Tlone, 
Over all the bloody fields 
Glitter Amazonian shields ; 
While through the mists of years 
Another form appears. 
And, as I bow my head, 
A.lready you have said : 

'Tis France ! 'Tis France I 
For 'twas hither that she came 
As a He.aven-directed tlanie, 
Consecrating all this land, 
Like a bolt from .Jove's own hand I 

Welcome to France! 

From sea to sea ! 

With heart and hand ! 

Welcome to all within the land — 

Thrice welcome let her be! 

And to France 
The Union here to-day 
Gives the right of this array, 
And folds her to her breast 
As the friend that she loves best. 

Yes, to France 

The proud Ruler of the West 
Bows her sun-illumined crest, 

Grave and slow, 
In a passion of fond memories of one hundred years ago! 

France's colors wave again 

High above this tented plain, 

Stream and flaunt, and blaze and shine. 

O'er the banner-jjainted biine 

Floa*" and How ! 

And the brazen triuupi'ts blow 

While upon her serried lines 

Full the light f>f Freedom shines 

In a broad, ett'ulgent glow. 



YORKTOWN CKLEBRATION. Ill 

And here thi.s day I see 
The fairest dream that ever yet was <ln-anit \>\ History ! 
As in cadence, and in time, 
To the martial throb and rliynie 
Of her bngles and her drums, 

Forth a stately vision conies — 
Comes majestically slow — 
Comes a fair and stately vision of one hmidicd years ago! 

Welcome to France ! 

From sea ro sea I 

With heart and liand I 

Welcome to all within the land! 
Thrice welcome let her be ! 
<>f Freedom's Guild made iree ! 
Welcome ! 

Thrice Welcome ! 

Welcome let her be ! 
And as in days of old 
Walter Raleigh did unfold 
His gay cloak, with all its hems 
Wrought in braided gold and gems, 

That his Queen might, passing, trea<l , 

On the sumptuous cloth outspread. 
And step on the sliining fold 
Of fair samnite rich in gold. 

80 for France — 

Spleiulid, grand, majestic France! — 
May h'ortune down her mantle tlnow 

To mend the way that ulif may go! 

May Gi,()RY leap before to reap — 
I'p to her shoulders turned her sleeves — 

And Fame behind follow to biud 
Unnumbered hcniors in unnumbered sheaves! 
And may that nurutle fo\ever be 
Under thy footfall, oh France the Free! 

Forever and fore\ er ! 

VIII. 

And here France came one hundred years ago. 
Red, russet, ])nrple glowed upon the trees. 
And sunset glories deepened in their glow 
Along the painted seas. 

A wealth of color blazed on land and wave, 
Topaz, and g(dd, and crimson met the eye, 
October hailed the ships which came to save 
With banners in the sky. 

Ue Barras swept down from the Northern coast, 
De Grasse foam-driving came with favoring breeze, 
Here thej' surprised the proud, marauding host 
Like specters of the seas. 

Then was nr) time for sn( h a boastful strain 
As Campbell sang o'er Baltic's bloody tide, 
\or did Britannia donunate the main 
In customary pride. 



112 YOEKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

France closed this river, and France ruled yon sea, 
Held all onr waters in triumphant state, 
Her sails foi'etelliug what was soon to be 
Like luiuisters of Fate. 

And when the Union hymns her proudest Lay 
De Grasse is often on her tuneful lips — 
And his achievement challenges to-day 
Some Homer of the Ships ! 

So when this spot its monument shall crown, 
Two Worlds npon its base his name shall see. 
With a fair wind his story shall sail down 
Through Ages yet to be ! 

IX. 

This on the water : On the land a scene 
Whose Epic scope is far beyond my pow'r, 
For on this spot a People's fate hath been 
Decided in an hour. 

Long was the conflict waged through weary years, 
Counted from when the sturdy farmers fell ; 
Hopes crucified, red trenches, bitter tears 
Made man another hell. 

See pallid women girt in woe and weeds ! 
See little children gaunt for lack of food ! 
Behold the catalogue of War's black deeds, 
Where evil stands for good ! 

See slaughtered cattle, never more to roam, 
Rot in the fields, while chimneys tall and bare 
Tell in dumb pathos how some quiet home 
Lit up the midnight air! 

See that burnt croji, yon choked-up sylvan well. 
This yeoman slain, ycorven in the sun! 
Great God ! Shreds of a woman's dress to tell 
Why murder there was done ! 

Such things as these gave edge to all the blows 
Our fathers struck on this historic sod ; 
Feet, hands, and faces turned towards their foes, 
Their valiant hearts to God. 

X. 

Here, then, the Allies were arrayed,, and far 
Flashed War's stern front o'er all the spreading ground ; 
Here our great chief, the Lion's path to bar 
Dug trench on trench around. 

And as the Allied hosts advance 
All the left wing is giv'n to France ; 
Is giv'n to France and — Fame! 



YOKKTOWN CELEBRATION. 113 

Yes, these together always ride, 
The Dioacoiiroi of the tide 

Where War plays out the game! 
And that broad front 'tis hers to hold 
With hand of iron, heart of gold. 

And helmet plumed with flame. 

Across the river broad she sends 
De Choisy and Laiiznu, where ends 

The leaguer far and wide ; 
While Weedou seconds, as he may, 
Marines and troopers in array 

Upon the Glo'ster tide. 

As waves hurled on a stranded keel 
Make all the oaken timbers reel 

With many a poud'rons blow. 
So day by day, and night by night, 
The French, like billows foaming white, 

Thunder against the foe. 

As far rolled on that thunder swell, 
Far flew the shot, far flew the shell 

On parapet and mast! 
O'er town, and works, and waves amain. 
Far tell griui Ruin's driving rain — 

Red Havoc on the blast ! 

And as the flashing cannon sowed 
Their iron crop, brave Nelson rode — 

His bridle-bit all foam — 
Up to the gunners ; and, said he : 
*' Batter yon mansion down for me — 

Basement, and walls, and dome ! " 
And better to sharpen those gunners wits, 
"Five guineas," he cried, "for each shot that hits!" 
That mansion was — his home. 

XI. 

Behind the town the sun sinks down, 

Gilding the vane upon the spire, 
While many a wall reels to its fall 

Beneath the fell artillery fire. 

As sinks that sun, mortar and gun. 

Like living things, leap grim and hot, 
And far and wide across the tide 

Spray-furrows show the flying shot. 

Thick smoke in clouds yon earthwork shrouds, 

Where, steeped in battle to the lips, 
The French amain pour fiery rain 

Upon the bastions and the ships. 

That iron sleet smites walls and fleet, 

As closes in the Autumn night, 
And Aboville from head to heel 

Glows with the battle's wild delight. 



S. Kcp. 1003- 



14 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

At every flasli oak timbers crash. 

A suddeu glare yon frigate dyes ! 
Then iiames ui^-gush, and roar, and rush 

From deck to where her pennon flies. 

Tiiose flames on high crimson the sky, 
And paint their signals overhead, 

And every fold of sinoke is rolled 
And woven in Plntonian red. 

All radiant now taifril and prow, 

And hnll and cordage, beams and spars, 

Thns lit, she sails on flery gales 

To pnrple seas, where float the stars. 

Ages ago just such a glow 

Woke Agamemnon's house to joy, 

Its red and gold to Argos told 

The long-expected fall of Troy. 

So on these heights that flame delights 
The Allies thundering at the wall, 

Forewrit they seethe land set free. 

And Albion's short-lived Ilium fall I 

Then, as the Lilies turn to red, 

Dipped in the battle's wine, 
Another picture is outspread. 

Where still the figures shine — 
The picture of a deadly fray 

Worthy the pencil of Vernet ! 

XIL 

(hi the night air there floating comes hoarse, warlike, low and deep, 
A sound as tho' the dreaming drums were talking in their sleep. 
"Fall in! Fall in ! " The storuuirs form in silence stern and grim. 
Each heart full-beating out the time to Freedom's battle hymn.— 
' ' Charge ! Forward, men ! " The word goes forth, and forth the stormer.* 
Each column like a mighty shaft shot from a mighty bow! 
And tumult rose upon the night like sounds of warring seas; 
Mars drank of the Horn of Ulphus and he drained it to the lees! 

Now by fair Freedom's splendid dreams! It was a gallant sight 
To see the blows against the foes well struck that Autumn night ! 
(Wmat, and Fish, and Hamilton, and Laurens pressed the foe. 
And Olney — brave Rhode Islander! — was there, alas, laid low! 
Viom'esni!, and Noailles, and Damas stout and brave. 
Broke o'er the English right redoubt a steel-encrested wave ; 
St. Simon from his sickcouch rose, wooed by the battle's charms. 
And like a knight of old romance went to the shock of arms. 

And there the columns won the works! and then uprose the che«rs 
Which have lasted us and ours for a good one hundred years ! 
And there were those amid the French filled with a rapture stern, 
And long the cry resounded, live the Regiment of Auvergne! 
Long live the Gallic Army ! and long live splendid France! 
The Power that gives to history the beauty of romance ! 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 115 

But on our right commanded one dearer by far than all, 

The Hero who first came to us, and came without a call. 

His name with that of his Leader's all histories entwine, 

The one as is the mighty oak, the other as the vine; 

The one the statf, the other the rich pennon on its lance — 

Now, need I name the dearest name of all the names of France ? 

Oh, Marquis brave, upon this Shaft deep-cut thy cherished name. 

Twin "Old Mortalities," shall find fond Gratitude and Fame! 

Two Leaders watch the battle's tide and listen as it rolls. 
And only Heaven above could tell the tumult of their souls! 
Cornwallis saw the British Power struck down by one fell blow — 
A Gallic spear-head on the lance that laid the Lion low ! 

But the Father of his Country saw the future all unrolled : 
Independence blazed before him written down in text of gold ; 
Like the Hebrew on the mountain gazing forward then he saw 
The Promised Laud of Freedom blooming under Freedom's law : 
Saw a grand Republic spurring in the lists where Nations ride 
The peer of any Power in her majesty and pride; 
Saw that young Republic gazing through her helmet's gilded bars 
Toward the West all luminous with the light of coming stars; 
From Atlantic to Pacific saw her banners all unfurled — 
Heard sonorous trumpets blowing Peace with all the World! 

Roused from his glorious vision, with success within hisreacli. 
In few and simple words he made this long-resounding speech : 
" The work is done, and well done! " thus spoke he on this sod 
In accents calm and measured as the accents of a God — 
A God, said I? His image rises on the raptured sight 
Like Baldur, wise and valiant, the Gothic God of Light I 

XIIL 

As some spent gladiator, near to death. 

Whose reeling vision scarce a foe defines, 
For one last eftbrt gathers all his breath, 

England draws in her lines. 

Her blood-red (lag floats out full fair, but Hows 

O'er crumbling bastions in fictitious state : 
Who stands a siege Cornwallis sadly knows 

Plays at a game with Fate. 

Siege means surrender at the bitter end : 

From Ilium downward such the sword-made rule, 

With few exceptions, few indeed, amend 
This law in any school. 

The student who for these has ever sought 

'Mid his exceptions Ci«sar counts as one. 
Besieger and besieged he, victor, fought 

Under a Gallic sun. 

Great Vercinget'rix failed, but at the wall 

He strove and failed, but failed in glory's ways. 
So that true soldiership describes the Gaul 



In terms of honest praise. 



116 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

But there was not a Caesar iu the lines 

'Rouud which our Chief the fatal leaguer drew ; 

The noble Earl, though Taliaut, never shines 
'Mid War's majestic few. 

By hopes, aud fears, aud agonies long tossed — 

Clinton liard-tixed in method's rigid groove — 

The British Leader saw the game was lost, 
But, yet, it had one move. 

Could he attain yon si>reading Glos'ter shore — 

Could he and his cross York's majestic tide — 

He then might laugh to scorn the cannon's roar 
Aud far for safety ride. 

Bold was the plan ! and generous Light Horse Lee 
Gives it full measure of unstinted praise ; 

But Providence declared this should not be, 
In its own wondrous ways. 

Loud roared the storm ! The rattling thunders rang I 
Against the blast his rowers could not row : 

While waves, like hoary-headed Homers, sang 
Hexameters of woe ! 

XIV. 

There came the time to end the tragic play, 

To drop the curtain and to quench the lamps, 

And soon the story took its jocund way 
Through all the Allied camps. 

Measure for measure there was righteous law, 

The cup of Lincoln bowed Cornwallis pressed ; 

And, as he drank, the wondering Nations saw 
A sunrise in — the West ! 

Death lell upon the Royal cause that day ; 

The King stood like Swift's oak, with blighted crest, 
Head-piece aud crown both cleft, he drooped away — 

Hie jacet — tells the rest. 

And patriots stood where " traitors" late were jeered — 
Transformed from " rebels" into freemen bold, 
What seemed Mambrino's heluiet now appeared 
A real helm of gold ! 

XV. 

Then came this closing scene : but shall I paint 

The scarlet column, sullen, slow, and faint. 

Which marched with " colors cased" to yonder field, 

Where Britain threw down corselet, sword, and shield ? 

Shall I depict the anguish of the brave 

Who envied comrades sleeping in the grave ? 

Shall I exult o'er inoffensive dust 

Of valiant men whose swords have turned to rust? 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 1 I 7 



Shall I, like Meneleiis by the coast, 

O'er dead Ajacee make unmanly boast ? 

Shall I, in strains of an ignoble verse, 

Degrade dead Hectors, and their pangs rehearse 1 

No ! such is not the mood this people feels ; 

Their chariots drag no foenian by the heels ! 

Let Ajax slumber by the sounding sea, 

From the fell passion of his madness free ! 

Let Hector's ashes unmolested sleep — 

But not to-day shall any Priam weep! 

Superb in white and red, and white and gold, 

And white and violet, the French unfold 

Their blazoned banners on the Autumn air, 

While cymbals clash and brazen trumpets blare. 

Steeds fret and foam, and spurs with scabbards clank, 

As far they form in many a shining rank : 

Deux-Ponts is there, as hilt to sword-blade true : 

And Guvion rises smiling on the view ; 

And the brave Swede, as yet untouched by Fate, 

Rides 'mid his comrades with a mien elate; 

And Duportail — and scores of others glance 

Upon the scene; and all are worthy France! 

And for those Frenchmen and their spleudid bands 
The very centuries shall clap their hands, 
While at their head, as all their banners flow. 
And all their drums roll out and trumpets blow. 
Rides first and foremost splendid Rochambeau ! 
And well he rides, worthy an Epic rhyme — 
Full well he rides in attitude snblime — 
Fair Freedom's Champion in the lists of Time! 

In hunting-shirts, or faded bine and buff, 

And many clad in simple rustic stuff. 

Their ensigns torn, but held by Freedom's hand, 

In serried lines the Continentals stand. 

They boast uo music's blood-bestirring charms. 

Their only ornaments their shining arms : 

But these, all ignorant of stain or rust. 

Like silver shine through sun-illumined dust. 

Precision theirs, if not a martial grace, 

Each heart triumphant, but composed each face. 

Well taught in military arts by brave Steuben, 

With port of soldiers, majesty of men. 

All Fathers of their country — like a wall. 

They march to see Britannia's banner fall. 

Well taught were they by one who learned War's trade 
From Frederick, whom not Ruin's self dismayed; 
Well taught by one who never lost the heat 
Caught ou the anvil where all Europe beat, 
But beat in vain, in those prodigious years 
When Prussia's only crops were — men and spears ! 
And to the gallant race of Steuben's name. 
That long has held close intercourse with Fame, 
This grand Republic bows her lofty crest, 



118 YOEKTOWN CELEBRATION, 

A!hI takes his kiiismeu to lier ample breast ; 
At fray, or festival, on marcli, or halt, 
Von Steuben always far above the salt ! 

The brave yonng Marquis, second but to one, 
For whom he felt the reverence of a sou, 
Rides at the head of his division proud — 
A ray of glory painted on the cloud ! 
" Mad Anthony " is there ! And Knox — but why 
Great names like battle-flags attempt to fly ? 
Who sings of skies lit up by Jove and Mars 
lliinks not to chant a catalogue of stars! 
I bow me low, aud bowing low I pass, 
Unnumbered heroes in unnumbered mass, 
While at their head, in grave and sober state, 
Rides one whjam Time has found supremely great, 
blaster of Fortune and the match of Fate ! 

Thon Tilghman, mounted , on these plains of York, 
Switt sped away, as speeds the honuug hawk ! 
Aud soon 'twas his to make that watchman's cry 
Which woke all Nations aud shall never diet 

XVI. 

IJrave was the foeman, but foredoomed his cause ; 
He fought against the spirit of his laws, 
Aud fought in vain ; for on those fields went dov/u 
The ji(*s dlvinnui aud the kingly crown. 

Eut for those scenes Time long has made amends. 
The ancient enemies are present friends : 
Two swords in Massachusetts, rich in dust. 
And, better still, the peacefuluess of rust. 
Told the whole story in its double parts 
To one who lives in two great nations' hearts. 
Aud late above Old England's roar and din 
Slow-tolling bells spoke sympathy of kin : 
Mctoria's wreath blooms on the sleeping bi'cast 
Of him just gone to his reward and rest. 
And firm and fast between two mighty Powers 
New treaties live in those undying flowers. 

Turned back my gaze : on Spain's romantic shore 
I see Gaul give his last salute to Moor ; 
Aud, later still, the page of Fame I scan 
To see brave France at deadly Inkerman, 
Wliile on red Balaklava's field I hear 
(Jallia's applause swell Albion's ringing cheer. 

England and France, as Allies, side by side 
Fought on the Pieho's melancholy tide. 
Aud tliere, brave Tattnall, ere the fight was done, 
Stirred English hearts as far as shone the sun, 
Or tides and billows in their courses run. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 119 

Thiit day 'mirl the dark Pieho's slaughter 
He said: "Blood in thicker thau water!" 
And your true luau, through "brayed iu a mortar" 

At feast or at fray 

Will still feel it aud say, 
As he said, " Blood is thicker thau water! " 

Aud full homely is the saying, but the story always starts 

Au answer from ten thouBaud times teu thousand kindred hearts. 

Then let us pray that as the sun shines ever on the sea 

Fair Peace forevermore may smile upon the Splsndid Three! 

May happy France see purple grapes aglow un all her hills, 

And England, breast-dee}> in her coru, laugh back the laugh of rillsl 

May this fair land to which all roads lead as the roads of Rome 

Led to th' eternal city's gates, still offer Man a home — 

A home of peace and plenty, and of freedom, and of ease, 

Witli all before him where to choose between the shining seas I 

May the war-cries of the Captains yield to happy reapers' shouts, 

And the clover whiten bastions and the olive shade redoubts! 

XVII. 

At last our fathers saw the treaty sealed ; 

Victory unhelmed her broad, majestic brow; 
The sword became a sickle in the held ; 

The war-horse drew the jilow. 

There is a time when men shape for their land, 

Its institutions, 'mid some tempest's roar, 
Just as the waves which thunder on the strand 

Shape out and round the shore. 

Then comes a day when institutions turn 

And shape the men, or cast them into molds ; 

One Era trembles while volcanoes burn, 
Another Age beholds 

The hardened lava turned to hills and leas. 

Far-blooming glebes, with orchards intermixed; 

Vineyards which look far out o'er purple seas 
Aud deep foundations fixed. 

So when fell Chaos, like a baleful Fate, 

What we had won seemed bent to snatch away, 

Sound thinkers rose, who fashioned out the State 
As potters fashion clay. 

Of those great names I may record but few ; 

For he who sees the ocean white with sails, 
Aud pictures each, confuses all the view — 

He paints too much, and fails. 

His canvas shows no high, emphatic light, 

Its shadows in full mass refuse to fall. 
And, as its broken details vex the sight, 

Men turn it to the wall. 



120 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

Of those great names but few may pass my lips, 
For he who speaks of Salamis then sees — 

Not those who there commanded Grecian ships, 
But grand Thomistocles ! 

Yet, some I mark, and these discreetly take. 

To grace my Verse, through duty and design, 

As one notes barks that leave the broadest wake 
Upon the stormy brine. 

XVIII. 

They rise befoi^e me ! and there Mason stands — 
The Coustitiition maker — firm and bold, 

Like Bernal Diaz planting with kind hands 
Fair trees to blaze in gold. 

And 'mid the lofty group sedate I see 

Great Franklin muse where Truth had locked her stores 
Holding within his steady hand the key 

That opened many doors. 

And Trumbull, strong as hammered steel of old. 

Stands boldly out in clear and high relief — 

His soul unbendiug, and his heart of gold — 
He never failed his chief! 

And Robert Morris glides into my Verse, 

Who from the stones contrived to render bread — 

Wlio iilled the young Republic's slender purse 
When Credit's self seemed dead. 

Tylers, I see — sprung from the sturdy Wat, 

A strong-armed rebel of an ancient date — 

With Falklaud-Cary's come to draw the lot 
Cast in the helm of Fate. 

And Marshall in his ermine, white as snow, 

Wise and profound Fame, often loves to draw :— 

His noble function on the Bench to show 
That Reason is the Law. 

And Madison, who, with incessant toil, 

Laid deep foundations, working day and night — 

Foundations blessed by fruitful corn and oil — 
Uprises on the sight. 

His sword unbuckled and his brows unbent, 
The upright Hamilton again appears. 

And in fair Freedom's mighty Parliament 
He marches with the Peers ! 

Henry is there beneath his civic crown: 

He speaks in words that thunder as they flow, 

And as he speaks his thunder-tones bring down 
An avalanche below I 



TORKTOWN CELEBRATIOX. 121 

Nor does John Adams in the picture lag; 

He was as bold, as resolute, and free 
As is the eagle on a misty crag 

Above a stormy sea. 

And 'mid his fellows in those days of need, 

Impassioned Jefferson burns like a sun — 
The New World's Prophet of the New World's Creed, 

Prophet and Priest in one! 

These two are taken by a patriot's mind 

As kindred types of our great Saxon stock, 
And that same thinker hopes some day to find 

Both statues in one block. 

XIX. 

But here I number splendid names too fast ! 

Heroes and sages throng behind this group ; 
And thick they come as came in Homer's past 
A Goddess and her troop. 

And as that troop, 'mid frays and fell alarms. 

Swept all a-glitter on their mission bent. 
And bore from Vulcan the resplendent arms 

To great Achilles sent. 

So came the names which light my pious Song, 

Came bearing Union forged in high debates — 

A sun-illuminated shield, and strong 
To guard these mighty States. 

The shield sent to the son' of Peleus glowed 

In hammered wonders, all without a flaw ; 
The shield of Union in its splendors showed 

The Compromise of Law. 

XX. 

Achilles came from Homer's Jove-like brain. 

Pavilioned 'mid his ships where Thetis trod; 

But he whose image dominates this plain 
Came from the hand of God. 

Yet of his life, which shall all time adorn, 

I dare not sing ; to try the theme would be 
To drink, as 'twere, that Scandinavian Horn 

Whose tip was in the sea. 

I bow my head and go upon my ways. 

Who tells that story can but gild the gold ; 
Could I pile Alps on Apennines of praise, 

The tale would not be told. 

Not his the blade which Lyric fables say 

Cleft Pyrenees from ridge to nether bed ; 
But his the sword that cleared the Sacred Way 

For Freedom's feet to tread. 



122 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

Not Csesar's genius nor Napoleon's skill 

Gave him proud mast'ry o'er tlie trembling earth, 

But great in honesty, and sense, and will, 
He was the "man of worth." 

He knew not North, nor South, nor West, nor East: 
Childless himself. Father of States he stood, 

Strong and sagacious as a Knight turned Priest, 
And vowed to deeds of good. 

Compared with all Earth's heroes I may say 

He stood, with even half his virtues hid, 

Greater in what his hand refrained than they 
Were great in what they did. 

And thus his image dominates all time. 
Uplifted like the everlasting dome 

Which rises in a miracle sublime 
Above eternal Rome. 

On Rome's once blooming plaiu where'er we stray 
That dome majestic rises on the view. 

Its Cross a-glow with every wandering ray 
That shines along the Blue. 

So his vast image shadows all the lands. 
So holds forever Man's adoring eye, 

And o'er the Union which he left, it stands 
Our Cross against the sky ? 

XXI. 

My Harp soon ceases ; but I here allege 

Its strings are in my heart and tremble there, 

Its dying strain shall swell a claim and pledge — 
A claim, a j)ledge, a jirayer ! 

I stand, as stood in storied days of old, 

Vasco Balboa staring o'er bright seas 

When fair Pacific's tide of limpid gold 
Surged up against his knees. 

For haughty Spain, her banner in his hand, 

He claimed a New World, sea, and plaiu, and crag- 

I claim the Future's Ocean for this land, 
And here I plant her flag ! 

Float out, oh flag, from Freedom's burnished lance ! 

Float out, oh flag, in Red, and White, and Blue! 
The Union's colors and the hues of France 

Commingled on the view ! 

Float out, oh flag, and all thy splendors wake! 

Float out, oh flag, above our Hero's bed ! 
Float out, oh flag, and let thy blazon take 

New glories from the dead ! 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 123 

Float out, ob flag, o'er Freedom's noblest types ! 

Float out, ob flag, all free of blot or staiu t 
Float out, ob flag, tbe " Koses" in thy stripes 

Forever blent again ! 

Float out, ob flag, and float in every clime ! 

Float out, ob flag, and blaze on every sea! 
Float out, ob flag, and float as long as Time 

And Space tbemselves sball be ! 

Float out, ob flag, o'er Freedom's onward marcb ! 

Float out, ob flag, in Freedom's starry sbeen * 
Float out, ob flag, above tbe Union's arcb, 

Where Washington is seen ! 

Float out,ob flag, above a smiling Land! 

Float out, ob flag, above a peaceful sod ! 
Float out, ob flag, thy staff within the hand 

Beneficent of God! 

XXII. 

An ancient Chronicle has told 
That, in tbe famous days of old, 

In Antioch under ground 

The self-same lance was found — 

Unbitten by corrosive rust — 
Tbe lance tbe Roman soldier thrust 

In Christ's bare side upon tbe Tree, 

And that it brought 

A mighty spell 

To those who fought 

Tbe Infidel, 

And mighty victory. 

And so this day 

To you I say — 
Speaking for millions of true Southern men- 

In -words that have no undertow — 

I say, and say agen. 

Come weal or woe. 

Should this Republic ever fight, 

By laud, or sea, 
For present law or ancient right, 

The South will be 

As was that lance, 

Albeit not found 

Hid under ground, 
But in tbe forefront of the first advance ! 

'Twill fly a pennon fair 
As ever kissed the air ; 
On it, for every glance, 
Shall blaze majestic Franco 
Blent with our Hero's name 
In everlasting flame, 



124 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

And written, fair in gold, 

This legend on its fold : 

Give us back the ties of Yorktown ! 

Perish all the modern hates ! 
Let us stand together Brothers 

In defiance of the Fates, 
For the safety of the Union 

Is the safety of the States ! 



Overture 
By Dod worth's Thirteenth Regiment Band of the National Guard of the State of 

New York. 



The Hors. James G-. Blaine, Secretary of State, then read the fol- 
lowing order of the President: 

ORDER OF THE PRESIDENT DIRECTING A SA L UTE TO THE BRITISH FLA G. 
Read by Hon. James G. Blaine, Secretary of State. 

In recognition of the friendly relations so long and so happily sub- 
sisting between Great Britain and the United States, in the trust and 
confidence of peace and good- will between the two countries for all the 
centuries to come, and especially as a mark of respect for the illustrious 
sovereign and gracious lady who sits upon the British throne, it is 
hereby ordered that at the close of these ceremonies commemorative of 
the valor and success of our forefathers in their patriotic struggle for 
independence, the British flag shall be saluted by the forces of the Army 
and Navy of the United States now at Yorktown. The Secretary of 
War and the Secretary of the Navy will give orders accordingly. 

Chester A. Arthur. 
By the President: 

James G. Blaine, 

Secretary of State. 



RECEPTION BY THE PRESIDENT. 

At the conclusion of the ceremonies a reception was held by the 
President of the United States, in honor of the guests of the Nation, 
at La Fayette Hall. 

In the evening the guests were invited to participate in a promenade 
concert and hop at La Fayette Hall. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 125 

4 P. M. 

GRAND COX CERT. 

Al (IIJAXD STAND MONUMENT SITE, BY DOmVOUTIl's THIRTEENTH REGIME>T BAND, 
NEW YOKK. HAKVEY B. DODWOKTII, CONDUCTOK. 

Part I. 

1. March— "Virginia" Dodworth. 

2. Overture — "Rienzi" Wagntr. 

8. Morceau — "The Nightingale '" Bartcm. 

(Au Idyl for the Piccolo.) Signor A. Noziglia. 

4. Solo (Cornet)— "Casta Diva"— Norma BvUhii. 

Signor A. Libera ti. 
'). Collocation — " A Daj- in Camp " DodicoHh . 

Being an aflaptation of tlie following Army songs anil calls: "'All's Well," "Tenting ou 
the Old Camp Ground," "Oft in the Stilly Night," "Reveille," "The Battle Cry of Freed om.'^ 
" The Assembly," "Benny Havens, Oh," " Glory Hallehijah," "Breakfast Call," "Kingdom 
Coming," " Various Camp Calls," "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp," Mess Call — "EoastBeef," "In 
the Louisiana Lowlands," "Dress Parade and Review," "Retreat," "Marching Through 
Georgia," " Tattoo," "Annie Laurie," "Lights Out." Finale — "When Johnny Comes March- 
ing Home, " Three Cheers for the Red, White, and Blue," &c., and " To the Colors." 

Part II. 
0. Collocation — ' ' Reminiscences" Frovi Meyerbeer. 

Improvising gems frem "L"Africaiue," "Le Prophete," "L'Etoile du Nord," " Pardon de 
Ploermel," "Robert Le Diable," and "Les Huguenots." The Solos by Messrs. Leiferth. 
Auld, and Gore. 

7. Solo — (Euphonium) — "Theme and Variations" Baffayolo. 

Signor Raifayolo. 

8. Solo — (Flute) — "Theme and Variations," "Spring, Gentle Spring ".i. I)e Carlo. 
It. Solo — (Cornet) — Grand Fantasia Harfmav . 

Signor A. Liberati. 
10. Collocation— "Buttercups" Dodworth. 

Consisting of " To the love of my youth I'll be true," "I see her still in my dreams," "Dot 
leetle German band," " Eeleen," " Ten Thousand Miles Away," " Johnny Morgan," "Grand- 
father's Clock," and " Dancing in the Barn." 



.VT TJIE military CAMP, BY THE WECCACOE LEGION CORNET BAND, S. H. KINDLE, 

LEADER. 

DresH Parade of Regular Troovs in front of the pavilion in honor of the Guests. 

7.30 P. M. 

FTROTECHNIC DISPLAY. 

From a boat moored in the York River. 

L Brilliant Illumination. 

2. Flight Rockets and Shells. 3. Chinese Sun. 

4. Rockets and Shells. 5. Battery. 6. Diamonds and Roses. 

7. "YORKTOWN." 

8. Rockets and Shells. 9. Saturn and Satellites. 

10. Fountains. H- Battery. 

12. Race. Five Monitors. 

13. Falling Waters. 14. Rockets and Shells. 

15. Battery. 16. Fountains. 

17. Revolving Suns. 

18 Battery 19- Rockets and Shells. 

20. "Peace." 



126 YORKTOWN CELEBRATrON. 

8.30 P. M. 

PROMENADE CONCEPT ANV HOP. 
UECEPTIOX HALL, HOSTOX CADET BAND, .7. THOMAS ]!ALI>WIX, CONDUCTOR. 

Part I. 

1. Grand Makch — " Battle of Yorktown" Xeumuuii. 

2. Overture — " Ung-arischc. Lustspeil " Kcler Bela. 

3. Concert Waltz—' ' Shower of Gold " fFakltenfrl. 

4. Cornet Solo — "Young America" /-fc.'/- 

Perfornied in Unison by tlie Cornet Soloists of the Band. 

5. Selections from " Rigoletto" r<-r(H. 

P.VRT II. 

6. Duet for Two Cornets Gumlf-yt. 

By Thomas W. Henry and Mace Gay, Jr. 

7. Potpourri — " Pretty as a Picture " Cutliii. 

8. Overture — ' ' William Tell '' Zivssiui. 

9. Gems from " Lucia de Lammemoor " Boniztiii. 

10. Concert Galop — " Elesante " Wriss. 



Thursday, October 20. 

The origiual programme included a military review for the 20th and 
a naval drill for the 21st. But tlie necessities of state requiring the 
presence of the President and the Senate at AVashington on the 21st, 
tlie Commission determined to combine the review and drill in one <lay, 
and they both took place on Thursday, October 20. 

On that day, at 10 o'clock a. m., there was a graud parade and review, 
by the President, of the regular United States troops, the naval brigade, 
and the troops of the several States, under the command of Maj. Gen. 
Wiufield Scott Hancock, U. S. A. 

The President and his Cabinet, the President pro tempore of the 
Senate, the members of the two Houses of Cougress, the Congressional 
Commission, the governors of States, the commissioners of States, the 
French and German guests, and other distinguished visitors, occupied 
the reviewing stand, and the military and naval forces, nitmberiug 
abottt twelve thousand, passed in review, saluting the President as they 
passed. 

NAVAL DRILL. 

In the afternoon a general ''sail drill" was held, and the fleet, unihn' 
command of Admiral David D. Porter, was exercised in making, short- 
ening, and furling sails, and sliiftiug top sails, by general signal from 
the flagship of the Admiral. 



YORKTOW^ CELEBRATFON. 12 

SALUTE TO THE EKITIBH FLAG. 



At the close of the day, iu accordauee with the "general order"" of 
the President of the day before, the British flag was saluted by the 
fleet and the batteries on shore. 

This closed the ofiBcial programme of the ceremonies. 



DISTINGUISHED GUESTS AND VISITING MILITARY. 

His Excellency Chestek A. AuTiirR, rrcsicleut of the United States. 
The Cabinet. 
The Senate of the United States. 
The House of Representatives. 
The Chief Justice and the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court. 
General William T. Sherman, General of tlie Army. 
Lieutenant General Philip H. Sheridan. 
Maj. Gen. Irwin McDowell, United States Army. 
Maj. Gen. John M. Schotield, United States Army. 
Brig. Gen. O. O. Howard, United States Army. 
Brig. Gen. John Pope, United States Army. 
Brig. Gen. Alfred H. Terry, United States Army. 
Brig. Gen. George Crook, United States Army. 
Admiral David D. Porter, Admiral of the Navy. 
Vice Admiral Stephen C. Rowan, United States Navy. 
Rear Admiral John Rodgers, United States Navy. 
Rear Admiral John L. Worden, United States Navy. 
Rear Admiral C. R. P. Rodgers, United States Navy. 
Rear Admiral Thomas H. Patterson, United States Na\ y. 
Rear Admiral E. T. Nichols, United States Navy. 
Rear Admiral D. McN. Fairfax, United States Navy. 
The Diplomatic Corps. 
The Governors of every State in the Union. 
The Mayors of the Principal Cities. 
Ex- President Ulysses S. Grant. 
Ex-President Rutherford B. Hayes. 
Ex- Vice-President Hannibal Hamlin. 
Ex-Vice-Presideut Schuyler Colfax. 
Ex- Vice-President William A. Wheeler. 
The Society of The Cincinnati. 
Other Distinguished Citizens. 



OUR FOEEIGN GUESTS. 
l.c Commandant Leichtexsteix, representing the President of the French Kepubiic. 

THE FRENCH EMBASSY AT WASHIXGTON. 

M. Maxime Outrey, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. 
M. Philippe Bcrard, Third Secretary. 
M. Grimand De Caux, Chancellor, 



128 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

REPRESENTING THE FOREIGN OFFICE. 

Le Marquis De Roch.imbeau. 

M. De Corcelle, Secretary of Embassy. 

REPRESENTING THE WAR OFFICE. 

General George Ernest Boulaiiger. 
Colonel Hippolyte William Bossau. 
Lieutenant Colonel Blondel. 
Major Octave Gilbert cle Pusy. 
Captain St. George Tucker Mason. 

REPRESENTING THE MARINE. 

Admiral Halligon. 

Captain Cavalier De Cuverville. 

Two captains of vessels of the line. 

Two captains of frigates. 

Two lieutenants of vessels. 

REPRESENTING THE BUREAU OF ARTS. 

M. Eegamy. 

DESCENDANTS OF FRENCH OFFICERS. 

M. Paul De Beaumont. 

Lieutenant Sigismund Marie Henri Reune De Pourcet De Sahuiie. 

Lieutenant the Count De Grasse. 

Count Alfred De Noailles. 

Viscount De St. Simon. 

Count De Chabanues La Palice. 

Count J. C. DeCliastellux. 

Count Laur De Lestrade. 

Captain Henry D'Aboville. 

M. Christian D'Aboville. 

M. De Meuonville, Captain of Cuirassiers. 

M. Jean De Chatillon. 

M. D'Olonnes. 

M. D. Hauss(mvi]le. 

M. Clermont Tonnere De Naudreuill. 

DESCENDANTS OF BARON STEUBEN. 

Colonel Von Steuben, Seventy-sixth Regiment, Heldsheim. 
Captain Von Steuben, Fourth Regiment Guards, Spandan. 
Captain Von Steuben, Eighth Regiment, Frankfort on the Oder. 
Lieutenant Von Steuben, Twenty-second Regiment, Rastadt. 
Lieutenant Von Steuhcn, Thirty-ninth Regiment, Dusseldorf. 
Lieutenant Von Steuben, Seventy-fourth Regiment, Heldsheim. 

Major-General Winfield Scott Hancock, United States Army, comman<ling all 
Military Forces on the Field. 



Capt. John S. Whartou, Nineteenth lufantiy, Aid-de-Camp. 

First Lieut. G. S. C. Ward, Twenty-second Infantry, Aid-de-Camp. 

Maj. William G. Mitchell, Assistant Adjutant-General. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 129 

Maj. Richard AruokT, Fifth Artillery, Acting Assistant Insix'otor-Oeneral. 

Maj. Asa Bird Gardner, Judge Advocate. 

Lieut. Cul. Alexander J. Perry, Deputy Quartermaster-General, United States Ai'iny, 

Chief Quartermaster. 

Lieut. Col. H. F. Clarke, Assistant Commissary-General of Subsistence, United States 

Army, Chief Commissary of Subsistence. 

Col. John M. Cuyler, Surgeon, United States Army, Medical Director. 

Lieut. Col. Charles T. Earned, Deputy Paymaster-General, Chief Paymaster. 

THE REGULAR ARMY. 

Brevet Brig. Gen. Henky B. Clitz, Colonel Tenth United States Infantry, Com- 
manding. 



First Lieut. John F. Stretch, Adjutant Tenth United States Infantry. 
First Lieut. Gregory Barrett, jr., Quartermaster Tenth United States Infantry. 
Surg. J. H. Janeway, United States Army, Senior Medical Officer. 
Capt. Joseph P. Sanger, First United States Artillery, Orduance Officer. 
First Lieut. Edmund M. Cobb, Second United States Artillery, Commissary of Sub- 
sistence. 
Assist. Surg. J. P. Worthington, United States Army. 

BATTALION FIRST UNITED STATES ARTILLERY, 

Maj. R. T. Frank, Commanding. 

Battery C. 

Capt. Tully McRea; First Lieut. W. P. Van Ness, 

Battery E. 

Capt. Frank E. Taylor; First Lieut. Robert H. Patterson; First Lieut. John Pope,, 

jr. ; Second Lieut. Charles J. Bailey. 

Battery F. 

Capt. Chandler P. Eakin ; Second Lieut. Adam Slaker, 

Battery L. 

Capt. Alausou M. Randol; First Lieut. Frederick C. Nichols. 

detachment of light BAITERY K, FIRST UNITED STATES ARTILLERY. 

First Lieut. AllyuCaprou, Commanding; Second Lieut. Adam Slaker, First Artillery. 

First Artillery Band. 

BATTALION SECOND UNITED STATES ARTILLERY. 

Capt. F. B. Hamilton, First United States Artillery, Commanding; Assist. Surg. J. V. 

R. Hoff, United States Army (attached). 

Battery I. 

Capt. F. B. Hamilton ; First Lieut. Thomas D. Maurice. 

Battery K. 

Capt. John F. Calef ; First Lieut. Frank C. Grugan : Second Lieut. Wm. A. Simpson. 

Ba'itery L. 
Capt. J. I. Rodgers; First Lieut. N. Wolfe: Fiist Lieut. H. A. Ret-d. 
S. Rep. 1003 9 



130 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

Light Battery A. 
Capt. A. C. M.Peuningtou ; First Lieut. A. D. Scheuck; First Lieut. P^dwia S.Curti-; 
Second Lieut. E. M. Weaver, jr. ; Second Lieut. M. C. Richards; Assist. Surg. Wal- 
ter Reed, United States Army (attaclied). 

Second Artillery Band. 

BATTALION THIRD UNITED STATES ARTILLERY. 

Lieut. Col. G. A. DeRussy, Third United States Artillery, Commanding; First Lieut. 
J. D. C. Hoskins, Third United States Artillery, Adjutant; First Lieut. Edward 
Davis, Third United States Artillery, Quartennaster. 

Battery D. 

Capt. John G. Tnrubull : First Lieut. Charles Selhncr; First Lieut. John E. Myers ; 

Second Lieut. G. T. Bartlett. 

Battery G. 

Capt. George F. Barstow ; First Lieiil. Cliarles Humphries. 

Battery L 

C^ipt. John K. Myiick ; P'irst Lieut. Win. A. Kr>bl>c. jr. ; Second Lieut. D. .J. Rum- 

' bough. 

Battery K. 
(';ipt. Lewis Smith; First Lieut. Charles W. Hobbs: Second Lieut. Wilbur Jjoveridge. 

LIGHT battery C, THIRD UNITED STATES ARTILLERY. 

C;ipt. William Sinclair ; First Lieut. R. D. Potts ; First. Lieut. John B. Eaton ; Second 
Lieut. C. B.Satterlee ; Assist. Surg. H. G. Burton, UnitedStates Army (attached). 

'lliird Artilli ly Band. 

RATTERS I, FIFTH UNITED STATES AR'JILLERY. 

Capt. G. W. Crabb; First Lieut. W. B. McCallum ; First. Lient. G. ?s'. Whistler. 

BATTALION TENTH UNITED STATES INFANTRY. 
Capt. William L. Kellogg, Tenth' United States Infantry, Commanding. 

Company A. 
Capt. 1'". C. Lacey; First. Lient. C. S. Bnrlcuik; Second Lieut. L. Y. Seyburn. 

Company D. 
Capt. E. E. Sellers; First Lieut. W. F. Duggan: Second Lieut. E. H. Plummer. 

Company E. 
Ca|)t. Sumner H. Lincoln ; Second Lieut. Thonnis J. Clay ; Second Lieut. Donald Win- 
ston. 
Company F. 
Capt. K. M. Hall; Second Lieut. Henry Kirby. 
Company H. 
Capt. William L. Kellogg; First lAent. C. E. Bettsford; Second Lieut. Robert C. 

Van Vlict. 

Tenth United States Int'autrv Band. 

united states veterans. 

Battalion ok Veterans from Uniied States Homes, 
Capt. T. P. WooDFiN, Commanding. 

Di" ruiiAiuNT oi" First Regiment Veterans' I'nion, 
Geoiige X. TiBKKi.r.. Ccninninder. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 131 

STATE TROOPS, 

FEjsrisrsYi.A^j^isriA. 

His Excellency Hknky M. Hoyt, Governor. 

Brig. Gen. James W. Latta, Adjutant-General. 
Lieut. Col. D. Stanley Hassiuger, Assistant Adjutant-Gener.-iI. 
Col. Thomas J. Smith, Commissary-General. 
Lieut. Col. William M. Buun, Assistant Commissary -General. 
Col. Elisha A. Hancock, Quartermaster-General. 
Lieut. Col. Jacob. C. Kintner, Assistant Quartermaster-General. 
Col. Louis W. Reed, Surgeon-General. 
Col. A. Wilson Norris, Judge Advocate General. • 
Col. Charles M. Couyngham, Inspector-General. 
Col. John 8. Riddle, General Inspector Rifle Practice. 
Col, James D. Walker, Chief of Artillery. 
Lieut. Col. W'. Eoss Hartshorne, Aid-de-Camp. 
Lieut. Col. N. A. Pennypacker. Aid-de-Camp. 
Lieut. Col. Galloway C. Morris, Aid-de-Camp. 
Lieut. Col. David F. Houston, Aid-de-Cam]i. 
Lieut. Col. Albert W. Taylor, Aid-de-Camp. 
Lieut. Col. B. Frank Eshleman, Aid-de-Camp. 
Lieut. Col. John Lowrie, Aid-de-Camp. 
Lieut. Col. Walter W. Ames, Aid-de-Cam)). 
Lieut. Col. J. Ford Dorrance. Aid-de-Camp. 
Lieut. Col. Frederick E. Embick, Aid-de-Camp. 
Lieut. Col. I hiaJ G. Schooumaker, Aid-de-Camp. 
Lieut. Col. Hiram H. Fisher, Aid-de-Camp. 
Maj. Gen. John F. Hartranft, Commanding Division Pennsylvania National Guard. 
Lieut. Col. George H. North, Assistant Adjutant-General. 
Lieut. Col. Charles S. Greene, Division Quartermaster. 
Lieut. Col. Aarou K. Dunkel, Division Paymaster. 
Lieut. Col. Russell Thayer, Division Inspector. 
Lieut. Col. J. Ewing Mears, Division Surgeon. 
Lieut. Col. E. Wallace Matthews, Division Ordnance Officer. 
Lieut. Col. Silas W. Pettit, Division Judge Advocate. 
Lieut. Col. George Sanderson, jr., Inspector Rifle Practice. 
Maj. William F. Aull, Aid-de-Camp. 

Maj. S. S. Hartranft, Aid-de-Camp. ' 

Maj. Edward O. Shakesijeare, Aid-de-Camp. 
Maj. Hendry, Aid-de-Camp. 

Eighteenth Regiment, Col. T. N. GrTHRii:. 
800 strong. 

NE^V .TERSEY. 

His Excellency George C. Ludlow, Governor. 

Brevet Maj. Gen. William S. Stryker, Adjutant-General. 
Brevet Maj. Gen. Lewis Ferine, Quartermaster-General. 
Brig. Gen. Thomas R. Varick, Surgeon-General. 
Brig. Gen. Willoughby Weston, Inspector-General. 
Brisr. Gen. Bin! \V. Spencer. Insi)ector Rifle Practice. 



132 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

Col. Garret Ackerson, Jud^e Advocate General. 
Col. William E. Hoy, Aid-de-Camp. 
Col. Edward A. Stevens, Aid-de-Camp. 
Col. Eckford Moore, Aid-de-Camp. 
Col. John W. Romaine, Aid-de-Camp. 
Maj. Gen. Gersham Mott, Commanding National Guard of New Jersey. 
Col. Daniel Loder, Assistant Adjutant-General. 
Col. Edward L. Welling, Surgeon. 
Lieut. Col. Charles N. C. Murphy, Paymaster. 
Brevet Maj. Gen. Joseph W, Plume, Commanding First Brigade N. J. N. G. 
Lieut. Col. Marvin Dodd, Assistant Adjutant-General. 
Lieut. Col. Geoi'ge E. P. Howard, Inspector. 
Lieut. Col. A. Judson Clark, Inspector Rifle Practice. 
Brevet Maj. Gen. William J. Sewall, Commanding Second Brigade, N. J. N. G. 
Lieut. Col. Thomas S. Chambers, Assistant Adjutant-General. 
Lieut. Col. Daniel B. Murphy, Inspector. 
Maj. William M. Palmer, Quartermaster. 

NEW JERSEY BATTALION, NATIONAL GUARD. 

Headquarters, Trenton. 
Brevet Brig. Gen. E. Burd Grubh, Commanding. 
700 strong. 



His Excellency Thomas J. Jarvis, Governor. 

Brig. Gen. Johnston Jones, Adjutant-General, Chief of Staff. 

Col. A. B. Andrews, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. W. P. Roberts, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. John N. Staples, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. Harry N. Skinner, Aid-de-Canlp. 

Capt. John M. Roberts, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. Francis H. Cameron, Inspector-General. 

Col. F. W. Kerchner, Quartermaster-General. 

Col. Peter E. Hines, Surgeon-General. 

Lieut. Col. P. F. Pesand, Assistant Adjutant-General. 

Lieut. Col. T. F. Olds, Ordnance Officer. 

NORTH CAROLINA BRIGADE. 
Brig. Gen. B. C. Manly, Commanding. 

FIRST REGIMENT NORTH CAROLINA NATIONAL GUARD. 

Col. R. D. Hancock, Commanding. 
First Lieut. N. Bagoetine, Adjutant. 
' Capt. P. H. Andrews, Quartermaster. 

Capt. Washington Bryan, Commissary. 
Capt. J. M. Baker, Surgeon. 
Capt. N. M. Jurney, Chaplain. 

Company A. 
Baleigh Light Injantry. 
Capt. John R. Ferrall ; First Lieut. John T. Pullen ; Second Lieut. John M. Sher- 
wood; Junior Second Lieut. Charles D. Upchurch. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 133 

Company B. 

Xew Berne Grays. 

First Lieut. Green Bryan : Second I^ieiit. Jos. Hackburn ; Junior Second Lieut. 

Geo. A. Oliver. 
Company D. 
Gohhborough Rifles. 
Capt. J. E. Peterson; First Lieut. T. Howard Bain; Second Lieut. Win. T. Hollo- 
well : Junior Second Lieut. Edward T.Hudson. 
Company E. 
Orange Guards of HiUsborough. 
Maj. H. P. Jones, Commanding; First Lieut. A. J. Gordon ; Second Lieut. W. Ander- 
son : .Junior Second Lieut. E. Rosemond. 
Company F. 
Edgecombe Guards of Tarborough. 
First Lieut. Exuin Lewis ; Second Lieut. J. C. Powell ; Junior Second Lieut. J. G. 

Paris. 1^ 

Company G. 
IVashingfon Light Infantry. 
Capt. D. N. Bogart ; First Lieut. Cliarles F. Warren; Second Lieut. Edward Long. 

SECOND REGIMENT NOHTH CAROLINA NATIONAL GUARD. 

Col. Albert H. Worth, Commanding. 

First Lieut. Robert S. Huske, Adjutant. 
Capt. Francis M. Caldwell, Commissary. 
Capt. W. T. Ennett, Surgeon. 
Capt. A. A. Benton, Chaplain. 
Company A. 
FayelteviUe Independent Light Infantry. 
Maj. A. A. McKethan, Commanding. 
First Capt. Ralph B. Lutterloh ; Second Capt. John A. McLaughlin; Third Capt. W. 
F. Campbell ; Fourth Capt. Thoma,s B. Broadfoot. 
Company B. 
La Fayette Light Infantry of Fayetteville. 
Capt. Edward P. Powers; First Lieut. W. S. Cook; Second Lieut. James W. M. 
Neill ; Junior Second Lieut. I). A. McMillan. 
Company C. 
Wilmington Light Infantry. 
Capt. John L. Cantwell: First Lieut. Thomas C James; Second Lieut. W. J. Gor- 
don ; Junior Second Lieut. James C. Munds. 
Company D. 
Duplin Rifles. 
Capt. James G. Kennan. 
Company E. 
Hornet's Xest Riflemen of Charlotte. 
Capt. E. F. Young; Second Lieut. O. W. Badger; Junior Second Lieut. A. T. Moss. 

Company H. 

Mecklinburg Riflemen of Sugar Creek. 

Capt. W. J. McLaughlin; First Lieut. X. S. Alexander; Second Lieut. N. P. Liles. 



134 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

COMPAjq^Y K. 

Anson Veterans of Wadesioroiigh. 

Capt, J. W. McGregor; First Lieut. W. L. Steele; Second Lieut. W. L. Parsons; 

Junior Second Lieut. W. G. Huntley. 

THIRD KEGIMENT OF NOliTH CAROLINA NATIONAL GUARD. 

Lieut. Col. W. T. Blackwell, Commanding. 

J'irst Lieut. B. L. Duke, Adjutant. 
Capt. Andrew Joyner, Quartermaster. 
Capt. J. B. Smitli, Commissary. 
Capt. J. W. Leary, Surgeon. 
Capt. A. S. Smith, Chaplain. 
Company A. 
Winston Light Infanlri/. 
Capt. John B. Bnrch ; First Lieut. W. P. Benton; Second Lieut. T. H. Pegram ; 
Junior Second Lieut. J. H. Finley. 
Company C. 
Albemarle Guards of Edenton. 
Capt. C. W. Cason; First Lieut. R. B. Perkins; Second Lieut. M. PL Dixon ; Junior 
Second Lieut. Frank Ward. 
Company D. 
Durham Light Lnfanirji. 
Capt. John F. Freeland ; First Lieut. W. S. Wall ; Second Lieut. Thomas A. Day 
Junior Second Lieut. M. E. McCowu. 
Company G. 
ILenderson Light liifantrji. 
[Organized in 1881.] 
Capt. W. A. Farris. 

Company H. 

Iloclcingham Guards. 

Capt. James D. Glenn. 

second battalion north CAROLINA INFANTRY. 

Maj. Silas McBee, Commanding. 

Company C. 

TredeU Blues of Statesville. 

Capt. A. D. Cowles; First. Lieut. Jacob Wallace ; Second Lieut. J. H. Hoffman; 

Junior Second Lieut. A. M. Vannoy. 

Company E. 

Quhele Rifles of Shoe Heel. 

Capt. E. F. McRea; First. Lieut. J. W. Campbell; Second Lieut. N. H. McLean; 

Junior Second Lieut. J. A. Patterson. 

Company F. 

SaJishuri/ Rifles. 

Capt. Theo. Pai^ker; First Lieut. Wallace F. Gray ; Second Lieut. James W. Rumple. 

m: I c H I Gr ^ isr . 

His Excellency David H. Jerome, Governor. 

Brig. Gen. John Robertson, Adjutant-General. 
Brig. Gen. William G. Gage, Inspector-General. 



YOEKTOWN CELEBRATION. 135 

Brig. CJen. Nathan Cliurch, Quartermaster-Geni'ial. 

Major Charles D. Long, Judge Advocate. 

Col. G. S. Woruun-, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. Charles B. Peck, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. F. H. Creul, Aid-de-Cauip. 

Col. Henry S. Raymond, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. C. E. Grisson, State Militaiy Board, A. D. C. 

Col. Henry M. Duffiold, Slate Military Board, A. D. C. 

Brig. Gen. W. H. Withingtou, First i^rigade Micliigau State Troops. 
Lieut. Col. E. A. Sumner, Assistant Adjutant-General. 
Lieut. Col. R. A. Liggett, Brigade Inspector. 
Lieut. Col. James H. Kidd, Brigade Quarterniaster. 
Capt. W. A. Butler, Aid-de-Camp. 
Cai)t. A. B. Porter, Aid-de-Camp. 

MICIIIG^AX BATTALION' STATE TROOPS. 

Col. Israel C. Smith, Second Regiment M. S. T., Conmiauding. 
Lieut. Col. F. H. Blackman, Third Regiment. 
Maj. B. F. Wheeler, First Regiment. 
Surg. H. R. Mills, Third Regiment. 
Assist. Surg. C. M. Woodward, First Regiment. 
Company A, Fihst Rf.giment. 
Ann Arlior. 

Capt. Charles H. Manly: First Lieut. Jacob F. Scliiili : Second Lieut. Charles His- 

cock. 

Company B, First Regiment. '' 

Adrian. 

Capt. Martin O'Leary ; First Lieut, (vacant.); Second Lieut. Wm. L. Church. 

Company B, Second Regiment. 

Grand Bapids. 

Capt. Henry W. Calkins; First Lieut. Frederick J. Morrison; Second Lieut. Alva B. 

Richmond. 

Company G, Second Regi.ment. 

Ionia. 

Capt. Frederick S. Hutchinson ; First Lient. AngeloE. Tower; Sciond Lieut. Henry 

C. Sessions. 

Company D, Third Regimknt. 

Jkij/ Cilij. 

Capt, Chas. R. Hawley; First Lieut. Horace P. Wartield ; Second Lieut. Robert P. 

Dolseii. 

Company E, Third He<;i.\ient. 

Ea>it Saginaw. 

Capt. Albert L. Button; First Lieut. Lewis C. Slade; Second Lieut. Timothy H. 

McCoy. 

His Excellency RoswELi. Farniiam, Governor and Commander-in-Chief. 

His Honor John L. Barstow Lieutenant-Governor. 

Brig. Gen. T. S. Peck, Adjutant-General. 

Brig. Gen. L. G.Kingsley, Quarterniaster-General. 



136 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

Brig. Gen. George W. Hooker, Judge Advocate General. 

Brig. Gen. L. M. Bingham, Surgeon-General. 

Col. George T. Chikls, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. E. Ely Goddard, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. H. J. Brooks, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. William R. Rowell, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. M. K. Paine, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. Olin Scott, Aid-de-Camp. 

VERMONT BATTALION NATIONAL GUARD. 

Maj. Albert D. Tenny, First Regiment V. N. G., Commanding. 

Company D. 

Bansom Guards of Saint Albans. 

Capt. F. Stewart Stranahan ; First Lieut. S. H. Wood; Second Lieut. William H. 

Farrar. 

Company I. 

Esteij Guard of Brattleborough. 

Capt. George H. "Bond ; First Lieut. F. W. Child; Second Lieut. C. R. Stevens. 

Ransom Guard Band, 

Of Saint Albans. 

Burleigh Corps, 

Of Whitehall, N. Y. 

Ninth Separate Company, Third Division N. G. S. N. Y. Captain R. E. Bascom. 

jsr E ^v ^^ o R k: . 

His Excellency Alonzo B. Cornell, Governor. 

Maj. Gen. Frederick Townsend, Adjutant-General. 

Brig. Gen. Robert L. Oliver, Inspector-General. 

Brig. Gen. Daniel D. Wylie, Chief of Ordnance. 

Brig. Gen. Lloyd Aspinwail, Engiueer-iu-Chief, 

Brig. Gen. William H. Watson, Surgeon -General. 

Brig. Gen. Horace Russell, Judge Advocate General. 

Brig. Gen. Charles P. Easton, Quartermaster-General. 

Brig. Gen. Charles J. Langdon, Commissary-General. 

Brig. Gen. J. W. Hoysradt, Paymaster-General. 

Brig. Gen. A. C. Barnes, General Inspector Rifle Practice. 

Col. James M. Varnum, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. Henry M, Watson, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. Francis N. Mann, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. Charles S. Francis, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. John T. Mott, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. Charles Cornell, Acting Military Secretary. 

THIRTEENTH REGIMENT NATIONAL GUARD OF NEW YORK. 

Headquarters, Brooklyn. ' 
Col. David E. Austen, Commanding. 
Lieut. Col. Theo. B. Gates. 
Mnj. William H. H. Tyson. 
Adjutant George B. Davis. 

Quartermaster, Brevet Capt. J. Fred. Ackerman. 
Commissary Jere. A. Wernberg. 
Surg. James J. Terhune. 



YOK'KTOWN fELElJKATION. 137 

Assist. Surg. George W. Brush. 
Chaplain Ileury Ward Beecher. 
Inspector Rifle Practice Theo. H. Babcock, 

Company A. 
t'apt. William .). Collins; First Lient. Watkin W. Jones; Second Lieut. Eugene J. 

.Snow. 
Company B. 
Capt. Edward M. Smith ; First Lieut. William A. Brown ; Second Lient. David F. 

Manning. 

Company C. 

Capt. James L. Denison ; Second Lieut. Frank B. S. Morgan. 

Company D. 

Capt. Thomas F. Randolph : First Lieut. William W. Hanold ; Second Lieut. John L. S. 

Kelluer. 

Company E. 

Capt. Edward Fackner; First Lieut. AVilliam Kirby; Second Lient. Samuel W. Smith 

Company F. 
Capt. Richard P. Morle; First Lieut. Frank Harrison ; Second Lieut. James E. Daly. 

Company G. 
Capt. William L. Watson; First Lieut. A. Fuller Tonies; Second Lieut. Samuel T. 

Skinner. 

Company H. 

Capt. Henry E. Kane ; First Lieut. John Garlich : Second Lieut. Joseph Frolich. 

Company I. 

Capt, George T. Romans; First Lieut. Alonzo Townley. 

Company K. 

Capt. George B. Squires; First Lieut. William J. McKelvey. 

NON-COMMISSIONEO STAFF. 

Sergt. Ma^. Russell Benedict. 

Quartermaster Sergt. Charles Werner. 

Commissary Sergt. Frank Kilholz. 

Ordnance Sergt. James McNevin. 

Hospital Steward Charles G. Curtis. 

Acting Drum Major John Smith. 

Band Leader Harvey B. Dodworth. 

Sergeant Standard Bearers Haywood Smith and Charles M. Nichols, jr. 

Right General Guide Albert E. Hamilton. 

Left General Guide D. Schuyler Bennett. 

Company D. 

Feierans Sixty-fifth Regiment Xalional Guard, A'cw Ygrk, Buffalo, X. T. 

Capt. Jolin J. Callahan; First Lieut. George A. Cowan; Second Lieut. Henry Casler. 

TNIJ^ R Y I^ ^ N D . 

His Excellency William T. Hamilton, Governor. 

Maj. Gen. J. Wesley W^itkins, Adjutant-General. 
Brig. Gen. H. Clay Dallam, Judge Advocate General. 
Brig. Gen. George S. Brown, Paymaster-General. 



138 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

Brig. Gen. Chsirles P. Montague, Chief of Ordnance. 
Brig. Gen. Henry S. Taylor, Commissaiy-General. 
Brig. Gen. John Gill, Qnartermaster-General. 
Brig. Gen. Andrew G. Chapman, Inspector-General. 
Brig. Gen. William Lee, Surgeon-General. 
Brig. Gen. J. Carroll Walsh, Chief of Engineers. 
Brig. Gen. .Joseph B. Stafford, Chief of Cavalry. 
Brig. Gen. R. Snowden Andrews, Chief of Artillery. 

Aids-de-Camp to the Governor. 

Col. Dennis M. Matthews. "~- 

Col. Edward B. .Jacobs. 

Col. Martin Enierich. 

C<d. William M. McKaig. 

Col. John S. Gittings. 

Col. J. Upshur Dennis. 

Col. N. Bosley Merry man. 

Col. Harry H. Brogden. 

Col. F. Carroll Goldshorongh. 

FIRST BRIGADE MARYLAXB NATIOXAL GUARD. 

Brig. Gen. James R. Herbert, Commanding. 
Lieut. Col. T. Wallis Blackistone, Assistant Adjutant-GeneraL 
Maj. P. P. Dandridge, Engineer. 
Maj. J. W. S. Brady, Inspector. 
Maj. Wilbur R. McKnew, Surgeon. 
Capt. Thomas Hillen, Ordnance Officer. 
Capt. Chas. A. Gambrill, Quartermaster. 
Capt. Howard Ridgely, Commissary. 
Capt. George W. Wood, Aid-de-Camp. 
Capt. Frederick Shriver, Aid-de-Camp. 
First Lieut. Arthur H. Whitely, Aid-de-Camp. 

FIFTH REGIMENT MARYLAND NATIONAL (lUAKD. 

Headquarters. Baltimore. 
Col. Stewart Brown, Conmianding. 
Lieut. Col. John D. Lipscomb. 
Adj. W. Kennon Whiting. 
Quartermaster Robert J. Miller. 
Commissary Edward C. Johnson. 
Surg. William H. Crim. 
Assist. Surg. William F. Lockwood. 
Chaplain Joseiih Reynolds. 
Ordnance Officer John Laudsti-ut, jr. 
Paymaster William T. Frick. 
Company A. 
Capt. W. S. Whitely. 
Company B. 
First Lieut. Harry E. Maun ; Second Lieut. R. Hamilton. 
Company C. 
Capt. R. P. Brown; First Lieut. G. E. Nelson; Second Lieut. J. S. Gorman. 

ro:\iPANY D. 
Capt. G. C. Cole; First Lieut. K. N. SjK'Ucer: Second Lieut. G. E. Search. 



YORKTOWN CKLEBKATION. 139 

Company E. 

Second Lieut. Henry F. Flack. 

Company F. 

Ciiut. W. S. Anderson. 

Company G. 

Capt. A. D. B. Courtnay; Finst Licnt. D. W. Laws; Hecond Lieut. 11. F. Browu. 

Company II. 

Capt. W. r. Zollinger; First Lieut. C. F. Albers. 

Company I. 

Fii-st Jjieut. N. L. Goldsborongb. 

Company K. 

Capt. J. T. ninkle; First Lieut. A.H.Taylor. 

F I n SV BATTALION I N F A N T 11 Y . 

Headquarters, Cumberland. 
Capt. and Brevets Lieut. Col. Henry J. Johnson, commanding. 
First Lieut, and Adjt. David ^Y. Sloan. 
First Lieut, and Quartermaster T. J. Peddicord. 
First Lieut, and Assist. Siarg. E. H. Bartlett. 
Company A. 
Yolti(jenrt< of Cumberland. 
First Lieut. W. O. Hoifman ; Second Lieut. Edward Schilling. 
Company B. 
Garrett (Juards, Oakland. 
Organized October, 1879. 
Capt. E. H. Wardwell; First Lieut. D. M. Mason; Second Lieut. P. H. Chisholm. 

Company C. 

Hamilton LUjht Infantry, Cumberland. 

Capt. R. H. Gordon; First Lieut. J. F. Harrison; Second Lieut. B. Scott Rigger. 

SECOND battalion INFANTRY. 
HAGEKSTOWN LIGHT INFANTRY. 
Hagerstown, Md. 
Capt. Hy. Kyd Douglas ; First Lieut. Samuel F. Craft ; Second Lieut. Alex. M. Roberts. 

TOWSON GUARDS. 

Baltimore County. 

Organized 1877. 

Capt. John Ridgely, of H. ; First Lieut. C. B. McClearr; Second Lieut, l^obert Pilson. 

Uniform: Gray, black trimmings. Arms, Springfield muskets. 

LINGANOK GUARDS. 

UnionviUe. 
Capt. E. D. Danner; First Lieut. Wm. M. Gaither ; Second Lieut. R. S. Glisan. 

KENT GUARDS. 

Cliestertoivn. 

Gapt. Thomas S. Bordley ; First Lieut. Thomas G. De Ford ; Second Lieut. Robert R. 

C alder. 
FREDERICK RIFLEMEN. 

Frede)-icl{. 
Capt. James McSherry. 



140 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

governor's guards. 

AnnajyoHs. 
Capt. Lewis Groeue. 

* BOND GUARDS. 

(Jatonsinlle. 
Capt. D. B. Baruette. 

K E N T TJ C li ^^. 

His Excellency Luke P. Blackburn, Governor. 
Brig. Gen. J. P. NuckoLs, Adjutant-General. 
Maj. James Blackbnrn, Assistant Adjutant-General. 
Col. R. n. Wildberger, Assistant Inspector-General. 
Col. P. P. Johnston, Assistant Ins])ector-General. 
Col. George W. Buchanan, Aid-de-Carap. 
Col. Lewis Kean, Aid-de-Canip. 

Col. Hite, Aid-de-Cainp. 

Capt. Henry McHenry, Aid-de-C.nnp. 
Hon. Jacob Corbett, Private Secretary. 
Hon. L. B. Churchill. 

KENTUCKY BATTALION STATE GUARD. 

Maj. John R. Allen, Third Battalion State Guard, Commanding. 

"Bowling Green Guard." 

Capt. M. H. Crump. 

, " Lexington Rifles." 

Capt. J. R. Morton. 

"Mason County Guards." 

Of Maysville. 

Capt. A. C. Respess. 

"McCreary Guards." 

Of Ft-anhfort. 

CaiJt. J. L. Price. 

"Monarch Rifles." 

Of Owensborough. 

Capt. S. H. Ford. 

" Captain South's Military Cornet Band," twelve pieces, 

]M: ^ I INT E . 

His Excellency Harris M. Plaisted, Governor. 
Brig. Gen. George L. Beal, Adjutant-General. 
Brig. Gen. John J. Lynch, Inspector-General. 
Col. Frank D. Piillen, Commissary-General. 
Two Aids-de-Carap. 

SOXJTH CAROL,IN".A.. 

' His Excellency Johnson Hagood, Governor 

Adj. Gen. A. M. Mauigault, Chief of Statf. 
Lieut. Col. W. H. Perry, Aid-de-Camp. 
Lient. Col. H. A. Gailliard, Aid-de-Camp. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 141 

Lieut. Col. G. B. Lartigue, Aid-de Camp. 
Lieut. Col. Georgi; Johnstone, Aid-de-Canip. 
Lieut. Col. J. J. Lucas, Aid-de Cauip. 
Lieut. Col. J. W. Barnwell, Aid-de-Camp. 

Lieutenant Governor John D. Keifnedy. 

General John Bratton, Comptroller-General. 

Col. J. P. Richardson, Treasurer. 

Col. R. M. Simms, Secretary of State. 

Hon. Leroy F. Youmans, Attorney-General. 

Col. A. P. Butler, Commissioner of Agriculture. 

General M.L. Bouliam, Railroad Commissioner. 

W. H. Manning, esq.. Private Scicretary to the Governor. 

Chief Justice W. D. Simpson. 
Associate Justices, H. Mclver, S. McGowan. 

Circuit Judges: 
Hon. B. C. Pressley. Hon. A. P. Aldiich. 

Hon. T. B. Eraser. Hon. J. H. Hudson. 

Hon. J. B. Kershaw. Hon. T. .T. Mackey. 

Hon. W. H. Wallace. Hon. J. S. Cothran. 

♦ 

FKOM THE STATE SENATE. 

Hon. W. W. Harllee. Hon. James F. Izlar. 

Hon. B. F. Crayton. Hon. L. J. Patterson. 

Hon. I. W. Moore. 

FROM THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

Hon. John C. Sheppard, Speaker of the House. 
Hon. J. W. Williamson. Hon. J. Harvey Wilson. 

Hon. James Simons. Hon. August Fludd. 

Hon. E. M. Rucker. Hon. M. C. Taggart. 

Hon. J. J. Hemphill. Hon. R. I. Harrison. 

Hon. C. E. Sawyer. Hon. W. B. Rice. 

"YORKTOWN CENTENNIAL BATTALION" OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
Field and Staff. 
Col. Hugh S. Thompson, Columbia. 
Lieut. Col. Louis de B. McCrady, Charleston, 
Maj. H. K. du Bose, Camden. 
Adj. Captain John P. Arthur, Columbia. 
Quartermaster, Lieut. R. D. Lee, Sumter. 
Commissary, Lieut. C. H. Sloan, Greenville. 
Sergeant Maj. J. M. Morris, Columbia. 

GORDON LIGHT INFANTRY. 

Wimihorough, S. C. 
Capt. W. Jordan: First Lieut. T. K. Elliott: Second Lieut. J. H. Cummings. 

LEE LIGHT INFANTRY. 

Chester, S. C. 
Capt. J. K. Marshall ; First Lieut. J. B. McFadden; Second Lieut. W. E. Walker. 

BUTLER GUARDS. 

Greenville, S. C. 
First Lieut. Commanding W. A. Williams; Second Lieut. William Hill Hill; Third. 

Lieut. F. B. McBee. 



142 YOEKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

SUMTKR LIGHT INFANTRY. 

Sumter, S. C. 
Capt. W. R. Delgar; Second Lieut. D. J. Auld; Third Lieut. Marion Sanders. 

governor's guards. 
Columbia, S. C. 
Capt. Wilie Jones : First Lieut. W. G. Cliilds : Tliird Lieut. W. K. Duffie. 
GERMAN FUSILIERS, 

Charleston, S. C. 
Capt. Heury Schachte: First Lieut. Henry B. Schroder; Acting Lieut. A. Fischer. 

ABBEVILLE RIFLES. 

AhheviUc, S. C. 
Oapt. M. L. Bouham, jr.; First Lieut. S. C. Casson; Second Lieut. W. C. McGowu. 

PALMETTO RIFLES. 

Aiken, S. C. 
Capt. W. W. Williams; First Lieut. H. H. Hall: Second Lieut. B. H. Teague. 

RICHLAND VOLUNTEER RIFLES. 

Columbia, S. C. 

Capt. R. N. Richb9urg ; First Lieut. E. R. Arthur; Second Lieut. L. D. Childs. 

WASHINGTON light INFANTRY. 

Charleston, S. C. 

Capt. Alex. W. Marshall; First Lieut. J. S. Hanalian : Second Lieut. Geo. B. Ed- 
wards. 

^ RHODE ISLAjSTD. 

His Excellency Alfred H. Littlefield, Governor. 

Brig. Gen. C. Henry Barney, Adjutant-General. 

Brig. Gen. Charles R. Dennis, Quartermaster-General. 

Brig. Gen. John D. Budlong, Surgeon-General. 

Brig. Gen. John F. Toliey, Judge Advocate General. 

Col. Henry A. Pierce. Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. Eben F. Littlefield, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. Charles H. AVillioms, Aid-de-Canip. 

Col. John F. Clark, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. E. Charles Francis, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. John C. Seabury, Aid-de-Camp. 

Lieut. Col William W. Douglas, Assistant Adjutant-General. 

Lieut. Col. S. W. Dickei-son, Assistant Quartermaster-General. 

Lieut. Col. George L. Gower, Assistant Judge Advocate General. 

Lieut. Gov. Henry H. Fay. 

Hon. J. M. Addeniau, Secretary of State. 

SECOND BATTALIt)N INl'AXTRY, R. I. 51. 

Company D. 

Woodstock, R. I. 

Capt. Fred. W. .lenckes; First Lieut. Frank M. Cornell: Second Lieut. Seth Arnold, Jr. 

Company F. • 

Paivtucket, R. I.. 

Capt. Charles Rittmau ; Fir.st Lieut. Frederick W. Kastou; Second Lieut. Alfred H. 

Cheetham. 



YORKTOWN CELEKRATION. 143 

isr p: av ii a m: i* s h i k k . 

His Excolh'ucy Ciiai!Li:s H. ]}kli., Governor and Coimuauder-in-Cliiof. 

Maj. Geu. Augustus D. Ayliu", of Couconl, Adjutant-General. 

Brig-. Geu. Elbert Wheeler, of Laconia, Inspector- General. 

Brig. Gen. Marshall C. Wentworth, of Jackson, Quarterniaster-Geueral. 

Brig. Gen. George p]. Lane, of Exeter, Coiuniissary-General. 

Brig. Geu. Ezra Mitchell, jr., of Lancaster, Surgeon-General. 

Brig. Gen. Francis C. Faulkner, of Keeue, Judge Advocate Gtucral. 

Col. Charles H. Sawyer, of Dover, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. William H. Stinson, of Duubarton, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. Daniel C. Gould, of Manchester, Aid-de-Canip. 

Col. Edward H. Gilman, of Exeter, Aid-de-Camp. 

" YOKKTOWN BATrAI.IOX NKW HAMPSIUKK NATIONAL GUAKD." 

Lieut. Col. P^lbridge .1. Copp, Second Regiment New Hampshire National Guard, Coin- 

nianding. 
Adj. Hufus P. Staniels, Third New Hampshire N. G. 
Quartermaster Lewis P. AVilsou, Second New Hampshire N. G. 
Surg. Henry ¥.. Newell, First New Hampshire N. G. 
Asst. Surgeon George Cook, Third New Hampshire N. G. 
Chaplain Henry Powers, First New Hampshire N. G. 
Sergt. Major Wm. W. Hemmenway, Second New Hampshire N. G. 
Quartermaster-Sergeant Geo. K. Leavitt, Third New Hampshire N. G. 
Hospital Steward James W. Wilscui, First New Hampshire N. G. 
Drum-Maj. Alonzo W. Gliues. Tliiril New Hampshire N. G. 

CoMrANv A, First Ekgiment. 

St ra ford diiards of I)ove)\ 

Ca])t. (JeorgeH. Demerritt ; First Lieut. Frederick Emmott ; Secoud Lieut. Martin J. 

Gallinger. 

Company F, Second Regiment. 

City Guards of Nashua. 

Capt. JasonK.ToUes; FirstLieut. Wm. W.Wheeler; Second Lieut. Eugene P. Whitney. 

Company K, Third Regimeni. 

Belknap (luardx of Laconia. 

(';i|ir. IklmundTetley. First. Lieut. Martin B. Plummer; Second Lieut. Fred. K. Gilman. 

The, Third Regiment Baud, twenty-fovir members, accompanied the troops. 

c < ) >r >r K ( r i c xj x . 

His Excellency Hohaut B. BigkloW, Governor. 
Lieutenaut-Goveruor William H. Bclkeley. 

Brig. Gen. George N. Harmon. Adjutant-General. 
Brig. Gen. Alexander Harbison, Quartermaster-General. 
Brig. Gen. James G. Gregory, Surgeon-{4eneral. 
Brig. Gen. George H. Ford, Commissary-General. 
Brig. (ien. Frederick E. Cami). Paymaster-General. 
Col. William E. Barrows, Aid-de-Camp. 
Col. William B. Rudd, Aid-de-Camp. 
Col. Rutlierford Trowbridge, Aid de-Camp. 
Col. Charles A. Russell. Aid-de-Camp. 



144 YOEKTOWN CELEJiEA^ION. 

Col, Simeou J. Fox, Assistaut Adjutant-Geueral. 

Lieut. Col. Henry C. Morgan, Assistant Qnarterniabter-Geueral. 

Hon. Charles B. Scales, Secretary of State. 

Hon. David P. Nichols, Treasurer of State. 

Hon. W. T. Batcheller, Comptroller. 

Brig. Gen. S. R. Smith, Coramauding National Guard, Conn. 

THE FIRST REGIMENT CONNECTICUT NATIONAL GUARD. 

Col. Lucius A. Barbour, of Hartford. 

Lieut. Col. William E. Cone, of Hartford. 

Maj. Arthur L. Goodrich, of Hartford. 

Adj. John K. Williams,, of Hartford. 

Quartermaster Eichard 0. Chenney, of Manchester. 

Paymaster William B. McCray, of Hartford. 

Surg. George W. Avery, of Hartford. 

Asst. Surg. Harman G. Howe, of Hartford. 

Chaplain James A. Cooper, of New Britain. 

Inspector Target Practice Jabez L. Woodbridge, of Manchester. 

Serg. Maj. William G. Simmons, of Hartford. 

Quartermaster Serg. John D. Worthington, of Hartford. 

Commissary Serg. Wallace T. Feon, of Hartford. 

Hospital Steward Philo W. Newton, of Hartford. 

Drum Maj. William C. Steele, of Hartford. 

Fife Maj. William C. Sparry, of Hartford. 

Company A. 

Germania Guard of Hartford. 

Capt. William Westphal ; First Lieut. Edward Schulze ; Second Lieut. Henry F. Smith . 

Company B. 

Hillyer Guard of Hartford. 

Capt. Patrick Jellovan ; First Lieut. Thomas F. Flanigan; Second Lieut. Patrick H. 

Smith. 

Company D. 

2\^€W Biitain Citij Guard. 

Capt. Augustus N. Bennett; First. Lieut. John C. Bingham ; Second Lieut. Williaiu! 

E. Allen. 

Company E. 

Jewell Guard of New Britain. 

Capt. Chas B. Eriehson ; First Lieut. Fred. M Hemenway ; Second Lieut. J. Lcstei 

Osgood. 

Company F. 

Hartford Citij Guard. 

Capt. John L. White ; First Lieut. Levi H. Hotchkiss ; Second Lieut. Geo. E. Lee, 

Company G. 
Manchester Rifles. 
Capt. Arthur B. Keeney; First Lieut. Arthur J. Wetherill; Second Lieut. T.H.Mont- 
gomery. 
Company H. 
Hartford Liqht Guard. 
Capt. George A. Cornell ; First. Lieut. Henry Simon, jr. ; Second Lieut. John W. Crane 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 145 

Company K. 

Hartford. 

Capt. Thomas M. Smith; First Lieut. Charles E. Thompson; Secoml Lieut. Samuel 

O. Prentice. 

His Excellency John W. Hall, Governor. 

Brig, Gen. J. Parke Postles, Adjutant-General. 
Brig. Gen. D. C. Marvel, Inspector-General. 
Brig. Gen. H. C. Collison, Quartermaster-General. 
Col. Walter Cumniiugs, Aid-de-Camp. 
Col. John Powder, Aid-de-Camp. 

FIRST REGIMENT DELAWARE VOLUNTEER MILITIA. 

Headquarters, Wilmington, Delaware. 

Col. Samuel A. McAllister, of Wilmington, 

Lieut. Col. Samuel M. Wood, of Wilmington. 

Maj. A. R. Boyle, of Dover, 

Surg. William Marshall, of Milford, 

Adj. Garrett J. Hart, of Wilmington, 

Quartermaster T. F. Townsend, of Milford. 

Company A. 
American Rifles, of Wilmington. 

Capt. Edward Mitchell, jr. ; First Lieut. Charles Hohson ; Second Lieut. J, Frank 

Smith, 

Company B. 
Torhert Guards, of Milford. 

Capt. George William Marshall; First Lieut. Wm. H.Harris; Second Lieut, F, C. 

Wisswell, 

Company C, 

Bnpont Guards, of Wilmington. 

Capt. John M, Curtis; First Lieut. A. D. Chaytor; Secoad Lieut. Thomas Rice. 

Company D. 
Hall Guards, of Dover. 

Capt. A. S. Kiik: First Lieut. George W, Pennington; Second Lieut, H. A, Cul- 

breth. 

Company E, 

Of Wyoming, Delaware. 

Capt. C. M. Carey ; Second Lieut. John H. Walheater, 

Company F, 

Postle's Eifles, of Wilmington. 

Capt. Oscar F, Munda; First Lieut, J. H, Munda; Second Lieut. John S.White. 

MIASS^CHXJSETTS. 

His Excellency John D. Long, Governor. 

Maj. Gen. A. Hun Berry, Adjutant General. 

Col. Isaac F. Kingsbury, Assistant Adjutant-General. 

Col. Edward H. FTaskell, Assistant Adjutant-General. 

S. Kep. 1003 10 



146 YORKTOWN CELEBRATIOlf. 

Col. Jobu S. Lockwood, Assistant Adjutaut-General. 

Col. Edmund H. Hewins, Assistant Inspector-General. 

Col. Morris Scliaff, Assistant Inspector-General. 

Col. Samuel P. Train, Assistant Quartermaster-General. 

Col. Jedediab P. Jordon, Assistant Quartermaster-General. 

Col. Benj. S. Lovell, Assistant Quartermaster-General. 

Brig. Gen. William J. Dale, Surgeon-General. 

Brio-. Gen. Wilmon W. Blackmar, Judge Advocate General. 

Col. Thomas W. Higginson, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. William O. Fiske, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. William F. Draper, Aid-de-Carap. 

Col. Edward T. Bouve, Aid-de-Camp. 

Col. William M. Olin, Aid-de-Camp. 

Brig. Gen. Eben Sutton, First Brigade M. V. M., Aid-de-Camp. 

Brig. Gen. Hoboat Moore, Second Brigade M. V. M., Aid-de-Camp. 

Col, Nat. Wales, First Regiment M. V. M. 

B. F. Bridges, Second Regiment M. V. M. 

E. J. Troul, Fiftli Regiment M. V. M. 

Melville Beal, Sixth Regiment M. V. M. 

B. F. Peach, Eighth Regiment M. V. M. 

Lieut. Col. Samuel Daltou, Second Corps Independent Cadets. 

Maj. G. S. Merrill, First Battalion Artillery, M. V. M. 

Maj. Dexter H. Follett, First Batallion Cavalry, M. V. M. 

Lieutenant-Governor Byron Weston. 

The Governor's Council — Eight members. 

Hon. Daniel A. Gleason, Treasurer and Receiver-General. 

Hon. Charles R. Ladd, Auditor. 

Hon. Henry B. Pierce, Secretary of State. 

Hon. George Marston, Attorney-General. 

O. F. Mitchell, Sergeant-at-Arms. 

Hon. R. R. Bisliop, President of the Senate. 

Hon. C. J. Noyes, Speaker of the House of Representatives. 

The members of the Committee on Federal Relations. 

Hon. A. W. Beard, Collector of the port of Boston. 

Hon. N. P. Banks, U. S. Marshal for Massachusetts. 

Hon. F. O. Prince, Mayor of Boston. 

General A. P. Margin. 

NINTH REGIMENT MASSACHUSETTS VOLUNTEER MILITIA. 

Headquarters, Boston. Organized 11th June, 1861. 
Col. Wm. M. Strachan, Commanding. 
Lieut. Col. Lawrence J. Logan. 
Majors Geo. A. J. Colgan, P. J. Grady. 
Adj. David McGuire. 
Quartermaster S. S. Rankin. 
Surg. James A. Fleming. ■ 
Assist. Surg. M. C. Noonan. 
Paymaster John Lyons. 
Chaplain J. P. Egan. 

Non-co m miss io ncd Staff. 
Serg. Maj. T. F. McDonough. 
Quartermaster Serg. M. T. Brennau. 
Hospital Steward Stephen Sullivan. 
Drum Maj. R. E. Barry. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 147 

first jjattalion. 

Company D. 
Caiit. F. B. Bogan ; First Lieut. F. H. Rice; Second Lieut. Edward O'Brien. 

Company F. 
Oai)t. D. F. Dolan; First Lieut. W. H. Donovan; Second Lieut. E. A. McCarthy. 

Company G. 
Capt. .J. J. Barry; First Lieut. J. H. Essem ; Second Lieut. M. J. Mitchell. 

Company H. 
Capt. J. F. Madigan; First Lieut. J. J. Foley; Second Lieut. J. H. Ettridge. 

SECOND battalion. 

Company A. 
Capt. P. C. Reardon; First Lieut. John J. Boyle; Second Lieut. J. M. Doherty. 

Company C. 
Capt. F. McCaiFrey; First Lieut. James Wliite; Second Lieut. J. H. Nugent. 

Company E. 
Capt. L. J. Ford; First Lieut. F.F. Dougherty; Second Lieut. P. F. Fitzgerald. 

Company B. 
Capt. P. H. Cronin; First Lieut. J. W. Mahoney; Second Lieut. E. W. Hagerty. 

VIR,&I3SriA.. 

His Excellency F. W. M. Holliday, Governor. 

Seven Aids-de-Cauip. 

Brig. Gen. James McDonald, Adjutant-General. 

FIRST BRIGADE rilWIXlA VOLUNTEER MILITIA. 
Brig. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee. 

Assistant Arljutaut-Geueral, Maj. J. Addison Pattison. 
Inspector-General, Maj. James P. Rodgers. 
Brigade Surgeon, Maj. George Ben. Johnston. 
Aid-de-Camp, Capt. B. H. Fowle. 
Aid de-Camp, Ca])t. Courtlaud H. Smith. 

FIRST REGIMENT VIRGINIA INFANTRY. 

Headquarters, Richmond, Va. 

Colonel, J hn B. Purcell. 
Lieutenant-Colonel Charles J. Anderson. 
Major, Jo Lane Stern. 
Adjutant, Capt. John H. Dinneen. 
Surgeon, Maj. L. B. Edwards. 
Chaplain, Moses B. lloge. 
Quartermaster, Capt. Charles P. Bigger. 
Ordnance Officer, Capt. Cyrus Bossieux. 
Assistant Surgeon, Capt. George Ben. Johnston. 
Sergeant-Major, J. R. V. Daniel. 
Quartermaster-Sergeant, W. B. Riddick. 
Hospital Steward, W. E. Pearce. 



148 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

Company A. 

Richinond Grays. 

Capt. Louis J. Bossieiix ; First Lieut. James E. Phillips ; Second Lieut. John E. 

Laughton. 

Company B. 

Waller Light Guard. 

Capt. Henry C. Jones; First Lieut. W. R. Burgess; Second Lieut. A. L. Bargamiu. 

Company C. 

"Guard of the Commonwealth." 

Capt. M. L. Spotswood; First Lieut. G. Kennon Wren; Second Lieut. W. D. Davis. 

Company D. 

"Sidney Grays." 

Capt. L. E. Brown; First Lieut. H. B. Owen ; Second Lieut. Ro. HaiTold. 

Company E. 

"Gorcrnor's Guard." 

Capt. J. H. Parater; First Lieut. A. L. Phillips; Second Lieut. R. E. Jones. 

Company F. 
Capt. Tazewell Ellett ; First Lieut. A. L. Ellett, jr. ; Second Lieut. C. S. Crenshaw. 

Company H. 
Capt. A. K. Snyder; Fir.st Lieut. W. D. Winston; Second Lieut. C. B. Neale. 

second regiment (valley) VIRGINIA VOLUNTEERS. 

Headquarters, Staunton, Va. 
Colonel W. L. Buingarduer, of Staunton. 
Lieuteuant-Colonel O. B. Roller, of Harrisonburg. 
Major J. W. Magruder, of Woodstock. 
Adjutant H. H. Downing, of Front Royal. 

Company A. 

Warren Light Infantry. 

Capt. C. A. Macatee; First Lieut. Ed. H. Jackson: Second Lieut. G. O. Leach. 

Company B. 
West Augusta Guard of Staunton. 

Capt. JohnMcQuade; First Lieut. Thos. J. Crowder; Second Lieut. James T. Byers; 
Junior Second Lieut. Wm. B. Logan. 

COAIPANY C. 
Harrisonhurg Guards of Harrisonburg. 

Capt. John Donovan ; First Lieut. L. C. Myers; Second Lieut. John P. Kerr; Junior 
Secoud Lieut. James M. Warren. 

Company F. 

Winchester Light Infantry. ^ 

Capt. John J. Williams; First Lieut. A.M. Baker; Second Lieut. Fred. Blankner ; 
Junior Second Lieut. R. E. Trenary. 

THIRD regiment VIRGINIA INFANTRY. 

Headquarters, Charlottesville. 
Colonel, Charles C. Wertenbaker, Charlottesville. 
Lientenant-Colonel, Kirkwood Otey, Lynchbua-g. 
Major, Francis L. Smith, Alexandria. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 149 

Adjutant, Capt. R. F. Farley, Danville. 
Quarterniastcr, Capt. S. L. Cooper, Culpeper. 
Commissaiy, Capt. J. C. Cnliu, CharlottesvilU'. 
Surgeon, Zenus Barnuni, Wairenton. 
Assistant Surgeon, E. A. Stabler, Alexandria. 
Chaplain, R. R. Acree, Lynchburg. 
Company A. 
Danville Gratis. 
Cai>t. Albert Gerst; First Lieut. W. T. Hutchings; Second Lieut. "J. W. Easley, 
Junior Second Lieut. W. P. Arnett. 
COMPAXY B. 
" CnJpeper Minute Men." 
Capt. William Nalle ; First Lieut. H. C. Burrows; Second Lieut. J. T. Harris. 

Company C. 

'' Warrenton Rifles." 

Capt. Greenville Gaines: Second Lieut. T. A. Maddux; Junior Second Lieut. W.Payne. 

Company D. 

" Monliccllo Guards," Charlottesville. 

Cai)t. Micajah Woods; First Lieut. James Blakey; Second Lieut. Poindexter Drane; 

Junior Second Lieut. T. S. Keller. 

Company E. 

Home Guard, Lynckiurg. 

Capt. W. C. Biggers; First Lieut. Ridgeway Holt; Second Lieut. Elwyn A. Biggera; 

Junior Second Lieut. M. P. Davis. 

Company F. 

'^Alexandria Light Infantry." 

Capt. George McBurney, jr. ; First Lieut. F. F. Marbury; Second Lieut. George S. 

Smith; Junior Second Lieut. Samuel L. Monroe. 

Regimental Band. 

FOURTH KEGIMENT VIRGINIA INFANTRY. 

Headquarters, Williamsburg, Va. 
Capt. Richard A. Wise, senior Captain, Commanding. 

"Wise Light Infantry." 
If'iUiumshurg, Va. 
Capt. Richard A. Wise; First Lieut. John L. Mercer; Second Lieut. T. L. Southallj 
Third Lieut. H. T. Armistead: Surg. John A. Young, M. D. 
" The Marshall Cornet Band." 
Suffolk Grays. 
Suffoll; Va. 
Capt. Thosmas W. Smith ; First Lieut. Benjamin F. Cutchius, jr. ; Second Lieut. 
John T. Riddick; Junior Second Lieut. George T. Parker. 
Peninsula Guards. 
Hampton, Va. 
Capt. S. B. Wood; First Lieut. William T. Daugherty ; Second Lieut. G. M. Rich- 
ter; Junior Second Lieut. W. J. Stores. 
Old Dominion Guard. 
Portsmouth, Va. 
Oapt. H. C. Hudgins; First Lieut. James H. Walker; Second Lieut. James M. Bin- 
ford ; Junior Second Lieut. John W. Wood. 



150 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

Richmond Light Infantry Blues. 

Capt. John S. Wise ; First Lieut. Thomas M. Page, 

Norfolk City Guard. 

Capt. C. A. Nash; First Lieut. H. Hodges; Second Lieut. C. C. Lee; Junior Second 

Lieut. T. B. Jackson. 

unattached companies. 

Farmville Guards. 

, Farmville, Fa. 

Capt. W. S. Paulett; First Lieut. P. H. C. Rice; Second Lieut. W. T. Doyne. 

Battalion of Cadets Virginia Military Institute. 
(Officers not reported.) 

The Cadets of Saint John's Academy. 
Alexandria. 
Major Wilfred C. Potter, Commanding. 
Adjutant Bullard E. Dodd, of Norfolk. 

Sergeant-Major Beauregard Clarke, of Anne Arundel Coimty, Maryland. 
Color-Sergeant H. B. F. Heath, of Washington, D. C. 
Quartermaster-Sergeant J. J, Walsh, of Washington, D. C. 
Commissary-Sergeant J. E. Swaine, of Alexandria, Va. 

Company A. 
Capt. D. H. Jones, of Shenandoah County, Va. ; First Lieut. F. T. Chamberlin, of 
Washington, D. C. ; Second Lieut. G. J. Kerby, of Alexandria, Va. 
Company B. 
Capt. Frank F. De Lea, of Chicago, 111. ; First Lieut. Charles Bendheim, of Alex- 
andria, Va. ; Second Lieut. F. H. Schneider, of Alexandria, Va. 

Gloucester Cavalry. 
(Officers not reported.) 

first battalion VIRGINIA ARTILLERY. 

Headquarters, Richmond. 
Major : Henry C. Carter, Commanding. 
Adjutant : Capt. Ca-rltou McCarthey. 
Surgeon: Maj. Christopher Tompkins. 
Assistant Surgeon ; Capt. W. E. Harwood. 
Ordnance Officer: First Lieut. W. H. Aboru. 
Quartermaster: First Lieut. R. C. M. Wingtield. 
Commissary : First Lieut. J. Herbert Stiif. 
Chaplain : First Lieut. J. William Jones. 
Norfolk Light Artillery Blues. 
Capt. James W. Gilmer; First Lieut. H. C. Whitehead; Junior First Lieut. J. A. 
Walton ; Second Lieut. George W. Gordon. 
Battery of four three-inch rifled guns. 
• Petersburg Artillery. 
Capt. J, S. Clary ; First Lieut. G. W. Vaughan ; Second Lieut. John Treshein. 
Battery of four 12-pounder Napoleons. 
Richmond Howitzers. 
Capt. E. J. Bosher; First Lieut. W.E. Simons; Junior First Lieut. F. H. McGuire, 
Battery of four three-inch rifled guns. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 151 

unaitachkd battery. 

Lynchburg Light Artillery Blues. 

C apt. Frank T.Lee; First Lieut. Charles Muuday ; Junior First Lieut. Mosby H. 

Payne; Second Lieut. William H. Dudley. 

Battery ol" four C-poundor brouzc guns. 

FIRST B.^TTALIOX VIRGINIA COLORED INFANTRY. 

Headquarters, Richmond, Va. 
Major R. A. Johnson, Commanding; Adjutant J. B. Johnson; Quartermaster Samuel 
Clarksou ; Commissary John Graves ; Surg. J. C. Ferguson. 
Atxucks Guards. 
Jiichmo7)d. 
Capt. Josiah Crump ; First Lieut. Thomas W. Walker ; Second Lieut. Samuel Sulli- 
van. 
Carney Guard. 
Richmond, 
Capt. John D. Booker ; First Lieut. C. B. Nicholas ; Second Lieut. N. P. Price. 

Union Guard. 
Manchester. 
Capt. J. H. Cunningham ; First Lieut. J. B. Johnson ; Second Lieut. William Bailey. 

YiuGiNiA Grays. 

Richmond. 

Capt. Benjamin Scott ; First Lieut. W. M. Mickens ; Second Lieut. W. H. Banister. 

Richmond Light Inf.antry. 

Capt. W. H. Tinsley ; First Lieut. W. H. Bannister ; Second Lieut. B. F. Dabiiry. 

SECOND battalion VIRGINIA COLORED INFANTRY. 

Headquarters, Norfolk, Va. 
Major, William H. Palmer, Commanding. , 

^ Adjutant, First Lieut. Moses F. Jordan. 

Quartermaster, First Lieut. Israel E. Whitehurst. 
Commissary, First Lieut. Jeffrey T. Wilson. 
Chaplain, First Lieut. E. H. Bolden. 
Langston Guards. 
Xorfolk, Va. 
[Organized November 7, 1873.] 
Capt. Peter Shepherd, jr.; First Lieut. S. S. Reid; Second Lieut. A. S. Brown. 

National Guards. 

Xorfolk, Va. 

Capt. E. W. Gould : First Lieut. T. E. W'islier; Second Lieut. C. H. Robinson. 

Hannibal Guards. 

Norfolk, Va. 

Capt. William. H. Mills; First Lieut. J. H. Smith; Second Lieut. A. A. Miller. 

Virginia Guard. 

Fortsmoufh. 

©apt. J. E. Manning ; First Lieut. G. W. Gordon ; Second Lieut. J. T. White. 

Seaboard Elliott Grays. 

Porismoulh. 

Capt. J. O. Corprew; First LieuK L. L. Rooks; Second Lieut. W. U. Ackis; 

Third Lieut. G. L. Blunt. 



152 YOEKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

unattached companies colored infantky. 

State Guard. 

Bichmond. 

Capt. E. A. Paul; First Lieut. H. C. Gilliam; Secoud Lieut. D. AV. A. Frazer ; 

[^Junior Second Lieut. Scott Emmett. 

Hill City Guard. 

Lynclihurg. 

Capt. Z. A. Langley; First Lieut.: Samuel Campbell. 

Douglass Guard. 

Danville. 

Capt. W. J.Reid; First Lieut. W. H. Jones; Second Lieut. Archie Robinsou ; Junior 

Second Lieut. D. D. Williams. 

LiBBY Guard. 

Hampton. 

Capt. James A. Fields; First Lieut. J. M. Simpson; Second Lieut. William Randall. 

Lynchburg Virginia guard. 
Capt. J. H. Merchant ; First Lieut. Marcollus Isbell ; Second Lieut. John W. Johnson. 

Petersburg Guard. 
Capt. J. H. Hill ; First Lieut. C. C. McKenzie; Second Lieut. W. F. Jackson. 

Flipper Guards. 
Petersburg. 
Capt. James E. Hill ; First Lieut. Edward Randolph ; Second Lieut. E. J. Archer. 

Petersburg Blues. 
Capt. P. L. Farley; First Lieut. Jacob Johnson; Second Lieut. James M. Farley. 

This list is believed to comprise all organizations who reported, as 
requested by the circular of Lieut. Col. H. C. Corbin, master of cere- 
monies. 



CO-OPERATION OF THE NAVY IN THE YORKTOWN CENTENNIAL 

CELEBRATION. 

The representatives of the French Eepublic, with officers and others 
invited to be present at the Centennial Anniversary at Yorktown, were 
received at New York, October 5, 1881, by the vessels of the North At- 
lantic Squadron, under the command of Bear- Admiral Kobert H. Wyman. 
The vessels present on the occasion were the Tennessee, liagshij), the 
Vandalia, Kearsarge, and Yantic. In company with the French dis- 
patch vessel, Dumont D'Urville, these vessels left their anchorage in 
the North Eiver, off New York, and awaited ofl' Staten Island the ar- 
rival of the steamship Canada, bearing the French guests. On the 
approach of the Canada, she was boarded by the flag-lieutenant to the 
rear-admiral commanding the squadron, with offers of service, and a 
salute of twenty-one guns was lired in honor of the guests, the crews of 



/ 
YOKKTOWN CELEBRATION. 153 

the squadrou cheering during the suhite. The squadron then accom- 
panied the Canada, as an escort, up the river to her wharf. 

The descendants of Baron Steuben, Avho had been invited to be pres- 
ent at the Yorktown Celebration, were received at Xew York, on their 
arrival from Hamburg, by the U. S. Stean\er Kearsarge, which had 
been detailed for this service by the commander-in-chief of the I^orth 
Atlantic Station. October 13, the steamship Herder, bearing Baron 
Steuben's descendants, arrived at the Xew York quarantine station. 
A visit and offer of service were made to her from the Kearsarge, the ship 
was cheered, and a salute of fifteen guns was fired, with the German 
ensign displayed at the fore. 

Preparatory to the celebration at Yorktown. all the vessels available 
for this service were assembled there, forming a fleet, which was placed 
under the general command of the Admiral of the IS'avy. The fleet 
was composed of the Tennessee, Kearsarge, Vandalia, and Yantic, 
under Bear- Admiral Bobert H. Wyman ; the Saratoga and Portsmouth, 
of the Training Squadron, under Capt. Stephen B. Luce ; and the 
Franklin, Trenton, Alarm, and Speedwell, vessels specially ordered to 
Y'orktown for the occasion. The Tallapoosa, the Despatch, and the 
tugs Fortune, Mayflower, and Standish served as disi)atch vessels and 
tenders to the fleet. xVdmiral David D. Porter arrived at Yorktown on 
October 14, and was saluted with seventeen guns by the flagship Ten- 
nessee. 

Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock visited the flag-ship Tennessee on 
the 15th, and was saluted with fifteen guns on his departure. 

On the morning of October ISth, the day on which the celebration 
opened, the fleet was full-dressed, in rainbow fashion, with signal flags. 
The President of the United States arrived at Yorktown, on board the 
Despatch, in company with the Alarm, Speedwell, and Tallapoosa. A 
national salute of twenty one guns was tired in liis honor, and yards 
were manned on board the vessels of the fleet. At 10.30 a. m. the 
Trenton became the flagship of the Commander-in-Chief of the fleet, 
firing a salute of seventeen guns, and hoisting the flag of the Admiral 
of the Navy. General William T. Sherman, accompanied by his stafif, 
visited the Tennessee, and was saluted with seventeen guns. At noon, 
the vessels of the fleet tired a national salute of twenty-one guns. During 
the afternoon the French vessels :Magicienne, flag-ship, and Dumont 
D'TJrville arrived at Yorktown, the former saluting the flag of the Ad- 
miral, commander-in-chief, with seventeen guns. The Eear-Admiral 
commanding the French squadron visited the Trenton and Tennessee, 
and was saluted with thirteen guns on his departure from each vessel. 
The Commander-in-Chief was saluted with seventeen guns by the Ten- 
nessee on his departure from a visit to that vessel. During the evening 
there was a display of tire-works with rockets and signal lights, and a 
general illumination of the fleet with colored lanterns. 

October 19th the Governor of Vermont, the Hon. Boswell Faruham, 



154 YOEKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

accoiniianied by bis staff, visited the Tennessee, and a salute of seven- 
teen guns was fired on the occasion. The President of the United 
States was received on board the flag-ships Trenton and Tennessee, the 
yards of the fleet being manned, and salutes of twenty-one guns fired 
on his departure. 

October 20th a naval brigade was formed from the crews of the fleet 
and landed to participate in the review by the President of the United 
States of the military force present, under the command of Maj. Gen. 
Winfield S. Hancock. The brigade was composed of four battal- 
ions of blue-jackets, equipped for shore service as infantry; one battal- 
ion of marines as infantry, and a battalion of artillery, consisting of 
eight pieces from the training-shijD Saratoga. The landing was made 
in the boats of the fleet, directed by signal from the Tennessee, and 
maneuvered in accordance with the naval signal codes. On landing, 
the brigade was formed in the line of review under the following offi- 
cers: Oapt. Kichard W. Meade, commanding; Lieut. Hamilton Per- 
kins, adjutant- general ; Paymaster John MacMahon, quartermaster; 
Chief Engineer William T>. Smith, engineer ; and Ensigns Fidelio S. 
Carter and Charles C. Eogers, aids. 

During the afternoon a general sail drill was held, and the fleet ex- 
ercised in making, shortening, and furling sails, and shifting topsails, 
by general signal from the flag-ship of the Admiral, commander-in- 
chief. On the occasion of a visit of the Hon. George C. Ludlow, Gov- 
ernor of JS'ew Jersey, to the flag-ship Tennessee, a salute of seventeen 
guns was fired from that vessel. 

At the close of the day a national salute was fired by the fleet, with 
the English ensign displayed at the main. This salute was fired in 
compliance with the following general order of the President of the 
United States : 

[General Order.] 

In recognition of the friendly relations so long and so happily subsisting between 
Great Britain and the United States; in the trust and confidence of peace and good 
will between the two countries for all the centuries to come, and especially as a mark 
of the profound respect entertained by the American people for the illustrious sover- 
eign and gracious lady who sits upon the British throne, it is hereby ordered that at 
the close of these .services, commemorative of the valor and success of our foi-efathers 
in their patriotic struggle for Independence, the British flag shall be saluted by the 
forces of the Army and Navy of the United States now at Yorktown. The Secretary 
of War and the Secretary of the Navy will give orders accordingly. 

Chester A. Arthur. 
By the President : 

James G. Blaine, 

Secrelarij of State. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 155 

After the salute had beeu fired to the British llag-, tlie Despatch, with 
the President of the United States on board, got under way and 
steamed out of the harbor, while a national salute was fired and the 
yards were manned in the fleet and French squadron. The Talla- 
poosa, bearing the Hon. David Davis, President pro tempore of the 
Senate, soon after left the harbor, followed by the Speedwell, with the 
General of the Army on board, accompanied by his staff. 

October 22d the Portsmouth and Saratoga left Yorktowu Harbor, 
followed by the Trenton. Later the French vessels Magicienne and 
Dumout D'Urville went to sea. The Franklin was towed out of the 
harbor by the Vaudalia, followed by the Kearsargo and the tugs Stand- 
ish and Fortune. October 24th the dispersion of the fleet was completed 
by the departure of the Tennessee, flag-ship of the Xorth Atlantic 
Squadron, in company with the Yantic. 

United States Engineer Office, 

Baltimore, Md., January 20, 1882. 
Dear Sir : As requested, I have the honor to submit belaw a report 
of my proceedings, under your direction, in connection with the recent 
Centennial celebration at Yorktown, Ya. This report has been unavoid- 
ably delayed to this time, owing to the pressure of other duties which 
could not be postponed. 

On the 2-4th of February, 1881, a letter was received from the Adju- 
tant-General of the Army, of which the following is a copy : 

War Department, Adjutant-Genkral's Office, 

Wasldngton, February 21, 1881. 
Sir: The Joint Committeo of Congress on the Yorktown Monument (appointed 
under the act of June 7, 1880— see General Order 48 of 1880), has requested the Secre- 
tary of War to "detail an officer of the Army to take charge of grounds at Yorktown » 
to be selected by the Committee for the purpose of the Centennial celebration in Octo- 
ber next, and to survey tlie same, and assign their positions to the various military 
and other organizations expected to be present." The grounds in question have 
already been surveyed by officers stationed at Fort Monroe, Va., in their course of in- 
struction, under the orders of the couimanding officer of that post, and therefore prob- 
ably it will not be necessary to resurvey them. 

The Secretary of War directs that, in addition to your present duties, you perform 
the duties indicated in the request of the Committee, with the exception of survey- 
ing the grounds, unless a resurvey shall be deemed necessary by yon; and it is sug- 
gested that you communicate with the Hon. J. W. Johnston, United States Senate. 
Chairman of the Committee, with reference to the duties you will be desired to per- 
form. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

R. C. Drum, 
Adjutant-General. 
Lieut. Col. William P. Craigiiill, 

Corjis of Engineers. 

(Through the Chief of Eugineers, United States Army.) 



156 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

The duties imposed by these iustructions of the Secretary of War 
were " to take charge of grounds at Yorktowu, to be selected by the 
Committee, for the purpose of the Ceutennial celebration ; to survey 
the same and assign their positions to the various military and other 
organizations expected to be present." 

On the day of the receipt of the letter quoted above I reported to 
you by letter for instructions. 

. My duties were extended later upon the reception, July 25, 1881, of a 
letter of July 21 from the Secretary of War, with an iuclosure dated 
July 20, copies of which follow : 

War Department, 
Washington City, July 21, 1881. 
Sir: I inclose herewith, for your information, a copy of Dej)artment letter addressed, 
under date of yesterday, to the Hon. John W. Johnston, Chairman of the Yorktown 
Congressional Commission, in reply to one from him, dated the 1st instant, requesting 
that an order he issued " detailing Lieut. Col. William P. Craighill, United States En- 
gineer Corps, to make all necessary surveys, lay out and furnish a camp, construct a 
wharf or wharves, make provision for laying the corner-stone of the Yorktown Monu- 
ment, take charge of the harbor and landings during the celebration, and superintend 
the construction of such temporary buildings and structures as may be required for 
the purpose of the Centennial at Yorktown in October next." 
Very respectfully, 

Robert T. Lincoln, 

Secretary of TVar. 
Lieut. Col. William P. Craighill, 

Corps of Engineers, United States Army, 

70 Saratoga street, Baltimore, Md. 

War Department, 

WasMngton City, July 20, 1881. 

Sir : I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 1st instant, 
requesting, on behalf of the Executive Committee of the Yorktown Congressional Com- 
mission, that an order may issue detailing Lieut. Col. William P. Craighill, of the En- 
gineer Corps, "to make all necessary surveys, lay out and furnish a camp, construct 
a wharf or wharves, make provision for laying the corner-stone of the Yorktown Mon- 
ument, take charge of the harbor and landings during the celebration, and superin- 
tend the construction of such temporary buildings and structures as may be required 
for the purpose of the Centennial at Yorktown in October next." 

Lieutenant-Colonel Craighill has already been instructed in my letter of the 2d in- 
stant, of which a co^iy is sent you to-day, to proceed with the erection of the Monu- 
ment at Yorktown. He reports to me that the wharves already built at Yorktown 
will be amply sufficient for the landing of materials in that work, and I have no funds 
available for the construction of others, or for any expense connected merely with the 
proposed celebration at Yorktown. 

Capt. L. C. Forsyth, of the Quartermaster's Department will, in due time, put ui) 
at Yorktowu about twelve hundred hospital tents, which can, if necessary, hold six- 
teen persons each, and will retain control of them with a proper guard. They will 
be occupied during the celebration by such persons, societies, and organizations as 
shall be assigned to them by your Committee, Captain Forsyth being only responsible 
for the safety and due return of the tents. The Department will not be able to do 
iinythiug further in the way of providing for the comfort of visitors. 

Lieutenant-Colonel Craighill will be authorized to report to your Executive Com- 
mittee for such duty as it may wish him to perform at Yorktown in carrying out your 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 167 

regulations respecting the use of the harbor and landings during the celebration, and 
in superintending the construction of such temporary buildings and structures as 
may be erected by your Committee. 

A copy of this letter will be sent to Lieutenant-Colonel Craighill. 
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

Robert T. Lincoln, 

Secretary of ff"«r. 
Hon. .John W. Jounstox, U. S. S., 

('h(tirma)i YorLtowu Coiu/restiioiml Commission, Abingdon, Va. 

I was also assigned by the Secretary of War to the charge of the con- 
struction of the Monuinent, and to special service on the staff of Maj. 
Gen. W. S. Hancock during the time of his connection with the cele- 
bration. Special reports have been made to the Secretary of War and 
to General Hancock's headquarters. 

On tSe 24th of February I wrote to the commanding oflScer at Fort 
Monroe, asking for a copy of the map of Yorktowu and its environs made 
by his subordinates. He very courteously and promi)tly sent me small 
photographs of the map, which were found very useful, although it be- 
came necessary to make extensive special surveys subsequently for our 
particular purposes. 

On the 13th of April I was notified by Mr. J. S. Tucker, secretary of 
your Commission, that you desii^ed me to meet you at Yorktown. Later 
the meeting was fixed for May 5, but actually took place May 6, when 
several of the members of the Commission were present. The Temple 
farm was inspected, which I was then notified had been procured for 
the purposes of the encampment, &c., through the efforts of the Citi- 
zens' Centennial Association, of which Hon. John Goode, of Virginia, 
was president, and Col. J. E. Peyton, oflSTew Jersey, was general super- 
intendent. Various matters connected with the preparations for the 
proposed celebration were then discussed. 

My next meeting with the Commission was at the War Department, 
May 10. I then suggested the importance of having the assistance of 
a quartermaster belonging to the Regular Arm3\ I ventured also tocall 
attention to the fact that the presence of some officer of high rank 
would be needed at Yorktown to command the regular and State troops 
who would be assembled there in October. 

On the 18th of May I received a copy of Special Order 112, from the 
headquarters of the Army, directing Capt. L. C. Forsyth, a quartermas- 
ter. United States Army, to report to me for duty in connection with 
the Yorktown Celebration. 

On the 9th of June I received your letter of June 7, requesting me to 
have a survey made as soon as possible of fifteen acres just inside the 
gate to the Temple farm, on the bank of the river, which the Centen- 
nial Association at that time proposed to donate to the United States 
as a site for the Monument. This survey was made under my personal 
supervision, and the plat sent to Hon. John Goode, as requested. 



158 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

Auotlier site was, however, afterward selected for the Monument, just 
on tlie edge of the town of York. 

I met the Commission again in Washington, at the War Department, 
on the 29th and 30th of June, when various matters connected with the 
celebration were considered. I was at Yorktown July 7th, when the 
site for the Monument was finally decided upon, and the agreement for 
its purchase made by Mr. Tucker, acting for your Commission. Active 
steps were then taken for the procurement of the materials for the 
foundations, so that the corner-stone might be laid in October. A 
special report on this subject was made to the Secretary of War, dated 
IS'ovember 9, 1881, a copy of which is incorporated herein : 

United States Engineer Office, 

Baltimore, Md., November 9, 1881. 

Sir : In compliance with your instructions to furnish a report of all proceedings in 
connection with the Monument at Yorktown up to the presenf time, I have the honor 
to make the following statement : 

In your letter of July 2 I was directed to take charge of the erection of the Mon- 
ument. The same letter informed me of the selection of a design for the Monument 
by the Joint Congressional Committee, upon whom that duty rested under the law. 

The model, as designed by the commission of artists, Mr. R. M. Hunt, Mr. Hy. 
Van Brunt, and Mr. J. Q. A. Ward, was sent to me from your office about the same 
time. 

The site was selected by the Congressional Commission, July 7, in my presence ; 
Avas surveyed and laid off under my personal suiiervision. It seemed a very appro- 
priate place, being just on the edge of the town of York, and just within the line of 
defense of Cornwallis. The Monument will be visible from vessels sailing on a part 
of Chesapeake Bay and a large portion of the York River. 

In addition to the model, Mr. Hunt, chairman of the commission of artists, fur- 
nished me with a sketch, giving me additional information as to the details of the 
Monument. 

The first need was a suitable man to sui^erintend in person the collection of the ma- 
terials for the foundations, none of which were at or near Y'orktown, except the sand, 
and it was necessary to have that hauled some distance. One of the experienced 
overseers, Mr. E. H. Kirlin, was brought in from the Great Kanawha River, where he 
had been engaged on the locks and dams under construction there. 

The site was very much covered with field-works erected by the Confederate forces 
under General Magruder. These were leveled off. A pit was sunk near the exact 
spot chosen for the Monument to stand uioon. The soil to a depth of 7 feet was found 
to consist of fine sand in the proportion of two-thirds, the remaining third being red 
clay. At a depth of 15 or 20 feet, as shown in lateral ravines, was found a pure red 
clay over a soft conglomerate of shells and sandstone. It was determined, in accord- 
ance with the liberty granted by your letter of instructions, to make the foundations 
of concrete. The broken stone was procured in Richmond, by purchase in open mar- 
ket, as time was too short to allow of advertising for proposals, &c. The stone came 
from the same quarries which have furnished so much of the material for the new 
State, War, and Navy Departments in Washington. The cement was bought in Bal- 
timore. The bottom of the base of the Monument was fixed by the commission of 
artists as a square, with sides of 30f feet, and receding in steps to a square whose sides 
are about 20 feet each. The foundations of concrete were made 6 feet deep, square in 
plan, 41 feet on the side at bottom, 31^ feet on the sides at tops, and amounting to 316^- 
cubic yards, including the corner-stone. 

The corner-stone was in two j)arts, the principal piece being 4^ feet long, 4 feet 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 159 

wide, aud 2| feet deep, covered by a cap-stone of the same leugtb and breadth, and 
1 foot thick. The hole in the lower stone, of which the dimensions were fixed by the 
Masons to contain a copper box, was 2| feet long, 2 feet wide, and 18 inchce deej). 
The dimensions of the corner-stone were so arranged that the box shonld have on 
every side of it a thickness of 1 foot of stone. The stone itself was put in so deep in 
the foundations as to be entirely imbedded in concrete, and to have one foot of concrete 
over it. 

It may be appropriately stated here that the material of the corner-stone was fur- 
nished without cost by the Granite Company of Richmond, of which Col. R. Snowdon 
Andrews is president. He also kindly loaned the derrick with which the cap-stone 
was put in place by the Masons on the 18th of October. 

When the ceremonies of the Centennial celebration were over the remainder of the 
concrete foundations were put in place, the corner-stone being thus entirely covered 
up. The tools used were stored at Yorktown without expense to the United States. 
The site was left in the charge of a respectable colored man, who lives in the small,, 
cheap, frame house, about 12 feet square (a single room), near the foundations, used as 
an office during work on them, and to be so used again when the construction of the 
Monument begins. He serves without other compensation than the privilege of liv- 
ing in this little house. 

It is not expected that anything more will be done toward the construction of the 
Monument until after the cession of jurisdiction over the site by the legislature of Vir- 
ginia, which will meet, it is understood, in January next. Meantime a suitable form 
of act of cession will be prepared and submitted for your consideration. 

A map of the site and its surroundings will be prepared as soon as other more urgent 
duties permit. 

It should be stated that scrupulous care has been taken to prevent any item of ex- 
pense due to the " ceremonies" of the Centennial celebration being charged to the 
Monument fund. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

Wji. p. Craighill, 

Lieutenant- Colonel of Engineers. 
Hon. Robert T. Lixcolx, 

Secretary of War, Washington, D. C. 

On the 9tli of July I prepared and submitted to the Commission a cir- 
cular, as given immediately below, which, after considerable modifica- 
tion and the lapse of a good deal of time, was extensively distributed : 

CIRCULAR. 

The Congressional Committee, in charge of the Centennial celebration at Yorktown 
in October next, expect to provide a camping ground for military and other organiza- 
tions who may be present on that occasion. Those from each State will be located 
together, as far as practicable, as it is supposed such an arrangement Avill be most 
agreeable to all. As it is desirable to have all organizations comfortably established 
before the ceremonies begin, 80 that as far as possible confusion may be avoided dur- 
ing these ceremonies, it is urgently requested that all who arje coming will be on the 
ground not later tliau Saturday, October 15. The ceremonies will commence October 
18, and continue four lays. A programme of them will be fully made known in duo 
time. 

As many tents will be provided as possible, but it is recommended to all to make 
lirovisiou for themselves in this respect. Water for drinking and cooking will be pro- 
vided in reasonable quantities, and at as convenient points as possible. Arrangemeuts 
for subsistence cannot be guaranteed by the committt-e. There is at present, no rail- 
road terminating at Yorktown, and it is not certain there will be one. It is probable 
that access to the place will be cJiiefly by water. There is ample room for anchorage 
of vessels of the greatest depth, but, to avoid confusion, all vessels should report at 



160 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

ouce to tlie liarbor-master, wlio will be desiguateil by the committee, or by the com- 
manding officer of the encampment. The Secretary of War will be requested to desig- 
nate as such conmiauding officer some officer of high rank in the Regular Army. That 
the preservation of order should be committed to the charge of a military officer seems 
appropriate, as the assemblage will be mainly composed of soldiers of the regular and 
militia force of the country, and the occasion is the celebi'ation of one of the mest im- 
portant military events in the history of our country. 

In order to allow time for the proper and comfortable distribution of such organ- 
izations as may attend, notice is hereby given to all those who intend tobfe present 
that their intention should be made known to this Committee before the first of Sep- 
tember next; to those who give such notice later no guarantee of a comfortable- 
camping place can be made. The order of procedure for each organization will be to 
report its arrival without delay to the harbor-master, who will indicate the place of 
landing, and will conduct it to its place in the camp, providing transportation fbr 
its camp equipage of reasonable amount. The organization should then report at 
once through its chief to the commanding general of the encampment. The nearest 
railroad centers to Yorktown are Baltimore, Md., Washington, D. C, and Richmond, 
Va. It is possible the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad may be extended before Octo- 
ber to Newport News, at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. In this event, this railroai^ 
would pass within a short day's march of Yorktown. It is possible this company may 
build a branch road to Yorktown, to be available for use during the celebration. 
The principal office of this company is at Richmond, Va. 

On the 30th of July I met the Couiinissioc, and at your request .sub- 
mitted a communication, of which a co^^y follows : 

Washixgtox, D. C, July .30, IStJl. 

Dear Sir : At your request I submit herewith an approximate estimate of tho 
cost of certain of the requirements of the Yorktown Celebration, to which I under- 
stand you wish my attention to be given. 

It is necessarily a mere approximation, as many of the elements upon which it is. 
based are yet entirely unsettled, and none are known with j)recision. It is the best 
I can now give. The total is, in round numbers, ^ISj-'iOO. I would x^refer to have 
it 120,000. 

Respectfully and truly yours, 

Wm. p. Craighill, 
Hon. J. W. Johnston, 

JVashington, D. C. 

Washington, D. C, July 30, 1661. 

ESTIMATE. 

Wharf, near those now in place - . $4, OOO 

Moving camp equipage and baggage 50O 

Police tug in harbor 30O 

Straw for camp bedding , 500 

Fuel 1.000 

Drainage of camp 500 

Lighting camp and grounds 500 

Water supply l,00a 

Reception building, without decorations 1, 500 

Furniture for building 50O 

Modifications of platform and music stand 450 

Marking revolutionary places of interest 250 

11,000 
Contingencies 20 per cent 2, 200 

13, 200 
In round numbers, $13,.500. 



YOKKTOWN CELEBRATION. 16t 

Teut« were furnished by the Secretary of War, who also placed under 
my orders, for the dut,y of establishing" the camp, 50 engineer soldiers 
and TiO artillerymen, under the command of their proi)er officers, (ren- 
eral Meigs, Quartermaster-General, United States Army, furnished a 
pump and pipes for the supply of water. Lights were furnished by 
Mr. Nicolai, of this city, for the camp, roads, wharves, &c. 

A large frame building, called La Fayette Hall, 100 feet long by 60 
wide, was erected on the edge of the Monument site, which contained a 
room for the Comnnssion and guests, one for the Secretary of State and 
the French and (Jerman guest-', a large room for receptions by the 
President of the United States, the Governor of Virginia, and for danc- 
ing, and others for ladies, offices, &c. This building was very hand- 
somely decorated, chietly by the use of tiags, by Mrs. Egbert Olcott. 

On the Monument site was constructed a large platform for the 
Masonic ceremonies in the laying of the corner-stone, and during the 
delivery of the oration by Mr. Bancroft and the poem of Mr. Hope. 
Ample accomuiodations for spectators, with seats, «S:c., were provided. 
A road was opened down the ravine just west of the Monument site 
and connecting the wharves. A plank walk for footmen led from the 
eastern wharf up into the town. Two large wharves were built for the 
Commission in front of the town. 

Several photographs were taken by Mr. Pierce, of the Treasury 
Department, of the model of the Monument, of the Masonjc ceremonies 
in laying the corner-stone, and of the platform containing the President 
of the United States and many other distinguished persons during the 
delivery of the oration of Hon. Mr. Winthrop, and the poem of Mr. 
Hope. Efforts were made to take views of the camp, &c., but the 
great clouds of dust and other circumstances prevented. 

The completion of the telegraph line of the Western Union Com- 
pany was a very great convenience, and the failure of the Chesapeake 
and Ohio llailroad to make connection with the general railway system 
of the country was a cause not only of great disappointment but also 
of serious inconvenience to many who had depended upon it. 

The following paper shows the basis of the preparations : 

YORKTOVVN CeXTKNNIAL COMMISSION, UxiTKD STATES CaPI TOL, 

minhiiKjton, D. V., July :W, 1881. 
At a meeting of the Executive Committee held this day it was voted : 
That Colouel Craighill be requested to lay out as soou as possible a camp on the ' 
Temple farm of sufficient size to accommodate twenty-live thousand people. 

A copy from the minutes. 

Clerk Yorktown Congressional Cominissioji. 
Jno. S. Tucker, 

A number of old guns, some of which had been surrendered at York- 
town to General Washington's army a century before, were received 
through the aid of the Ordnance and (Quartermaster's Department, and 
S". Kep. 1003 11 



162 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

arranged uear the Monument site, forming a very interesting aud much 
noticed feature of the celebration. 

At the request of the Centennial Association, a reservation of about 
thirty acres was made for their special use, in a most eligible part of tlie 
Temple farm, on the bluff of the river, and extending from the west- 
ern edge of the farm nearly to the Moore house, which was also under 
the control of that Association, alter being very nicely restored and 
furnished. 

Although the previous drought caused much dust, which was a very 
great annoyance and inconvenience, the weather was very good. While 
constant difficulty was experienced for want of money and time in 
making the arrangements for the celebration as complete as the great 
occasion justified, yet it must be admitted that all the essential things 
undertalvcn by your Commission were accomplished. The Army and 
Navy did their part most successfully. The Masonic and other.cere" 
monies passed off" in an excellent way. The camp was in a beautiful 
location, well arranged, watered, and lighted. There was amjde ac- 
commodation provided for the troops, the Masons, and all who had been 
invited to be present. 

In addition to the report to the Secretary of War, referring specially 
to the laying of the corner-stone of the Monument, there is inserted 
also a copy of my report as a member of the staff" of Major-General 
Hancock, as it contains many details concerning the celebration, the 
whole of which was by law under the general control of your Com- 
mission. 

United States Engineer Office, 

Baltimore, Md., January 14, 1882. 
Sir: By paragraph 9, of Special Order 215, Adjutant-General's OfiSce, Washington, 
D. C, September ID, 1881, I was directed, in addition to other duties, to perform serv- 
ice at Yorlitowu, Va., under the orders of Maj. Gen. W. S. Hancock, in connf ction 
■with the celebration at that phace, nutil its conclusion. This order was received 
September 23, when I at ouce reported by letter for instructions. These were given 
by General Hancock in person at his headquarters, to which I was called by tele- 
graph soon after. 

Previous to this time considerable progress had been made in the necessary prepar- 
ations for the encampment and comfort of the troops, and they were thereafter con- 
tinued with groat activity. Two new wharves were constructed in front of the town 
of York, with a depth of 10 feet at their fronts at mean low water. The head of 
each was 100 by 40 feet, each connected with the shore by two bridges. A small 
■wharf was built in tront of the Monument site with a depth of water of about 4 feet 
at mean low water, to l»e used by small boats. Two others of a simihir character 
■were nearly in front of the Moore house. A good road was made under the bluff in 
front of the lown, connecting the four wharves; the existing roads leading from the 
wharves to the bluff (about 50 leet high) on which the town stands, were repaired, 
and a new one was also opened up in the ravine just west of the site of the Monu- 
nieut, in the edge of the town. The road from the town to the site of the camp on 
the Temple farm was improved by leveling knolls and filling up hollows, grubbing 
up stumps and I)ru8h, and widening to 100 feet the opening through the old Confed- 
erate works. This last operation required the removal of a heavy parapet and the 
tilling of the ditch. 

Early in September a detachment of the Third Artillery and a detachment from 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 



163 



the Engineer Battalion reported to me for duty at Yorktown in layins; out the camp 
and such other arranj^ements as tliey conhl properly assist in. The Artillery detach- 
ment, consisting<if forty-eiyht men and three officers, nnder the command ofCai)tain 
John R. Myrick, Brevet Major United States Army, reached Yorktown Septembers, 
1-^81. The Engineer troops, forty-eight in number, commanded by J^ieut. C. McD. 
Townsend, reach.-d Yorktown Septembers, 1881. Both detachments went at once 
into camp on arriving and were united under tlie ccnnmand of the senior officer, 
Captain Myrick. 

The work to be performed consisted in clearing the grounds, providing a supply of 
water, transporting and guarding public property, laying out the encampment, and 
erecting tents for such organizations as so desired. 

The encampment was situated on the peninsula between the York River iind AVorm- 
ley's Creek, and was at a distance of about one and three-quarters miles from the 
landing at Yorktown. The ground was well adai)ted for the encampment of a largo 
body of troops. It was situated on a high bluft"; the soil was sandy and dry ; and 
in the surrounding ravines a large numberof springs insured a convenient and ample 
supply of water. It was necessary to clear the fields of fences, weeds, underbrush, 
and in many places of a thick growth of saplings. 

The arrangement of the camp in general and in detail was intended to be such that 
all the organizations should be convenient to water and fuel, should have such roads 
and avenues as would enable free circulation and room for drills and other exercises 
common in camp. The Masons were placed on the bluff near and to the left of the 
Moore house. The headquartei's of the Commanding General were on the bluff, to the 
right of the Moore house. The Regulars were in camp near the general headquarters, 
under the command of Col. H. B. Clitz, Brevet Brigadier-General United States 
Army. The troops of the several States were arranged along the bluff of Worniley's 
Creek, their order from right to left being determined by the date of their adoption 
of the Constitution of the United States. The space allowed to each State was pro- 
portioned to the number of trr.ops therefrom. 

A grand jiarade, called by the names of Washington and La Fayette, was left be- 
tween the front of the camp and the river. A large area was left open to the left of 
the camp for the accumulation of the troops on the day of the review after passing 
the reviewing officer. 

A few of the State troojjs brought their own tents and pitched them. The most of 
them, as well as the Masons, were accommodated in tents furnished by the War De- 
partment and pitched by the regular troops present. The original arrangement of 
the tents for the space of each State was such as would be suitable for the several 
organizations expected from each State. The tents were, however, pitched as nearly 
as possible according to the desires of the representatives of the different States when 
any preference was expressed. The following is a list of the different organizations 
and the number of tents allotted to each State : 



State. 



Regular troops.. 



Organization. 



Formation, o a 



Battalion First Artillery... Battalion .' A 

Battalion Third Artiili-ry <lo A 

Batta'ion Second ami Fifth Ar- \ do j A 

tillery. 

Battalion Tenth Infantry do : A 

Light Battery, Second Artillery.' Battery... A 

Light Battery, Third Artillery do ' A 

Battery K, First Artillery j do .. .{ A 

Battery I, Third Artillery ! do ! A 

Detachment Engineers \ Company.' Wall 

Detachment Signal Corps do ' I Sibley.. 



Kind. 



Kemarks. 



164 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 



State. 


Organization. 


Formation. 


OR 

^2 


Kind. 


1 

Remarks. 


Delaware 


Battalion Delaware Militia 


Regiment. 


34 


Hospital. 




Pennsylvania 


Eighteenth Eegiment Pennsyl- 
vania National Guard. 


do.... 


78 


...do... 




New Jersey 


New Jersey Battalion National 
Guard. 


do 




A .. 


Pitched their own 








tents. 




Post 23 G A E 


Company 






Do. 






Battery . . . 


6 


Hospital 




Connecticut 


First Regiment Connecticut Na- 
tional Guard. 


Regiment. 


54 


... do . 


Not occupied. 


Massachusetts. . . 


Ninth Massachusetts Volunteer 
Militia. 


Regiment 




Wall.... 


Pitched their own 
tents. 




First Coi ps Independent Cadets 
Fifth Independent National 


Battalion . 
Regiment. 






Remained in boat. 


Maryland 




Wall.... 


Pitched their own 




Guard. 








tents. 




First Battalion Independent Na- 


Battalion. 




Hospital 


Do. 




tional Guard. 












Second Battalion Independent 


do 




...do... 


Do. 




National Guard. 










South Carolina... 


South Carolina Battalion In- 
fantry. 


' Regiment. 


23 


do ... 




New Hampshire. 


New Hampshire Battalion In- 
fantry. 


do 


15 


...do... 




Virginia 


First Regiment Virginia Na- 
tional Guard. 


do 


24 


...do... 


.. 




Second Regiment Virginia Na- 


do 


24 


.-..do... 






tional Guard. 












Third Regiment Virginia Na- 


do 


24 


.-..do... 






tional Guard. 












Fouith Regiment Virginia Na- 


do 


24 


..-.do... 






tional Guard. 












Virginia Military Institute 


Battalion . 
do .. . 


12 
21 


.. do .. 
....do... 


One battery brought 








wall tents. 






Companies- 


5 
20 


...do 






Independent companies 


do.... 


....do... 




New York 


Thirteenth New York National 
Guard. 


Regiment. 




Wall.... 


Pitched their own 
tents. 




Company E, Seventy - fourth 


Company . 


8 


Hospital. 






New York National Guai d. 












Company D, Sixty-fifth New 


do.... 


10 


....de-.. 






York National Guard. 










North Carolina . . 


North Carolina Battalion 


Regiment 


94 


...do. . 




Rhode Island 


Second Battalion Rhode Island 
National Guard. 


Battalion . 


26 


... do... 




Vermont 


Vermont Battalion 


do. ... 


32 


....do... 




Kentucky.- 


Third Kentucky Battalion 


.....do 


20 


Hospital. 




Michigan 


Battalion, Michigan 


do 


46 


...do... 










414 


....do... 
....do ... 






Veterans 




Pitched their own 










tents. 



The militia of New Jersey, Massachusetts, Maryland, and the Thirteenth New York 
pitched their own tents. For the other States the encampments were laid out by the 
engineer detachment, and the tents were pitched by the regular brigade under Gen- 
eral Clitz. The tents for the Masons were pitched by Battery I, Third Artillery, and 
the engineer detachment. 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 165 

The following names were given to tbc aventies in the camp, as appears from the 
maps : 

The principal one, " Rochambeau ;'" the others, "DeGrasse," "DeBarras," "Vio- 
m(^nil," "St. Simon and Chastellux," -'Denx-Ponts and Hamilton," "Lincoln," 
"Steuben," "Nelson," "Knox and Du Portail." 

The road made from the site of the Monument to the shore was named " De Choisy 
and Lauzun," after the ccmimanding ofllicers on the Gloucester side who were men- 
tioned in General Washington's congratulatory order. The road along the shore to the 
United States wharves was for similar reasons named " Quereuet and D'Aboville," 
after the French chiefs of enginecrsand artillery at the siege. The reasons for the other 
names are sutHciently obvious to all who are acquainted with the events of the siege. 

Water for the use of the encampment was obtained from a pond in Wormley's 
Creek, formed by an old mill-dam. 

The camp-ground occupied an irregularly shaped, undulating plateau, about 60 
feet above water surface in the pond. The water was pumped directly into the mains 
by a Dean pump of 16-iuch steam and 10-ii^ch water cylinder, 16-Jnch stroke, which 
was located on the bank of the creek, and about 8 feet above it. The mains, which 
laid on the surface and followed the undulations of the ground, consisted of one line 
of 3-inch wrought pipe 1,870 feet long, one 4,400 feet long and a branch from this lat- 
ter, about midway, of 1,200 feet length of •2-itu-li pipe — making a total length of pipe 
line of about 7,.500 feet. 

The horizontal changes of direction in th<^ i)ipe line were made by vertical swivel 
joints, which, of course, occasioned some loss of head, but were not found to aftect the 
results appreciably, while they permitted unlimited changes of alignment at any 
time. 

The 2-inch branch line was joined to the :i-inch line by a flanged f. 

At about every 200 feet along the pipe lines were inserted T connections, carrying 
short4-feetcurvedpiecesof 1-inch pipe, through which water was discharged intohogs- 
heads planted one-half their depth in the ground. In order to make the system as 
nearly self-acting as possible, and to dispen.se with numerous stop-cocks, the dis- 
charge ends of the curved 1-iuch piece, were fitted with " bushings," varying from 
three-quarters to one-quarter of an inch in diameter, according to the location of the 
opening and its distance from the pump, the proper diiimetcrs being found by trial. 
Stop-A^alves were placed on the two :Mnch lines, at pump, and waste-valves at outer 
end of all lines; no oth-r regulating valves were used anywhere on the lines. 

The pump, which was supplied with two upright tubular boilers of a united ca- 
pacity of 60 horse-power at 70 pounds steam pressure, was expected to supply 20,000 
gallons an hour. It was, however, probably never called upon to do this amount of 
work, though no register of supply furnished Avas kept. 

Steam was kept up day and niglit and the pumi) operated at such intervals as the de- 
mand required, never permitting the hogsheads to become empty or greatly reduced. 

Duriug operation of the pump at hours of greatest demand the pressure gauge reg- 
istered 40 pounds, equivalent to a head of about 100 feet of water. 

The pump, pipes, fittings, all material of every kind connected with the pumping 
machinery and pipe line, were furnished by the Quartermaster-General, United States 
Army ; the placing, fixing, and operating the whole .system was done at the expen.se 
of the Congressional Centennial fund, and amounted to about 81,000. 

I desire to express my thanks to General Meigs for excellent advice as to the ar- 
rangements for the water supply. The services of Mr. N. H. Hutton, civil engineer, 
in connection with the water supply and many other nuitters were invaluable. 

Besides the supply of water through the pipes, all the available springs in the sur- 
rounding ravines were utilized and improved by sinking a number of hogsheads and 
barrels at each. Near the wharves, also, water was readily procured by driving down 
gas-pipe 15 or 20 feet into the saiul. 

The camp and grounds were also well lighted by ga.soline lamps, furnished and 



166 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 



served by Mr. Nicolai, of Baltimore, at the expense of the Congressional Commission. 

During the Centennial days Lieut. Eugene Griffin, of the CorjJS of Engineers, per- 
formed most excellent service in giving special supervision to the arrangements for 
water and lights. 

A lai-ge stand, 150 by 25 feet, with plank tloor, platform, &c., was erected between 
daylight of October 20 and the hour of the review, 10 a. m. To procure nuiterials for 
this platform it was necessary to tear up portions of the {)latform around the Monu- 
ment, more than a mile distant, and haul them, as well as the chairs, from that point. 
On the day of the review the command of Captain Myrick acted as a police guard un- 
der my orders. 

The duty of the Signal Service was performed in a most efficient manner. There 
was a line connecting the General Headquarters, in camp, with the wharves, at the 
town. Another station was at the Monument site, and during the review an opera- 
tor was present at the Grand Stand with connections to the main line. 

Capt. L. C. Forsythe, Quartermaster's Department, United States Army, who was 
present at Yorktown, under my orders, from the 1st of September, was indefatigable 
in the performance of duties the most varied and vexatious. Cai)tain Myrick and 
the officers and men of his connnand, of the Engineer and Artillery detachments, de- 
serve the highest praise for the cheerful performance of much laborious and disa- 
greeable duty. 

LIST OF ORGANIZATIONS PRESENT. 



Consisting of- 



Commander. 



KEGULAK TROOPS. 

Brigade, four battalions foot troops. (Drawn 
from First, Second, Third, and Fifth Artil- 
lery and Tentli Infantry.) 

Two light battrries (A Second and C Third 
United States Artillery). 

Battery I, Third Artillery 

Detachment battalion of engineers engaged in 
laying out encampments, &c. 

Detachment, mounted. Light Battery K, First 
Artillery. 

Naval brigade from fleet at Yorktown 

(These troops did not go into camp, but 
were quartered on board ship.) 

VKTKRANS. 

From the " Homes" 

Detachment Fir.st Eegiment Veterans' Union. . 

STATE TUOOPS. 

Georgia battery ? 

2f ew .Jersey battalion , 

Delaware battalion 

Penn.sylvania : Eighteenth Regiment 

Connecticut : First Regiment 

(This regiment arrived on morning of re- 
view in time to participate, but did not 
go into camp. No return was furnished, 
but it is understood that the approxi- 
mate strengtli was 462.) 



Col. H. B. Clitz 1 



Capt. J. R. Myrick 

Lieut. C. McD. Townsend. 



First Lieut. Allyn Capron j 

Capt. R. W. Meade, U.S. N 



Capt. T. P. Woodfln 

Commander George N. Tibbell. 



First Lieut. George P. "Walker. 

Col. E. Burd Grubb 

Col. S. A. McAllister 

Col. T. N. Guthrie ." 

Col. L A. Barbour 



1,000 



1,112 



388 
26 



22 
V02 
252 



YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 
LIST OF OliGAMZATIONS PBESENT—Coutiuund. 



167 



Cousi8tiii2 of- 



Commander. 






Col. "WilHara M. Straclian 

Lieut. Col.T. r.Edwartls.... 

Brig. Gen. James R. Herbert. 

Col. Hugh S. Thompson 

Lieut. Col. E. J. Copp 



Brig. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee. 



Statk troops— Continued. 

Ma.sBaclmsctts: 

Ninth Ro^^imeut Massachusetts Militia 
First Corps Cadets 

Maryland First btigado 

South Cariilina battalion 

New Hiimpshire battalion 

Virginia : 

Four regiments infantry 

Virginia Institute Military Cadets 

Gloucester Cavalry _. 

Artillery 

New York Thirteenili Regiment .. 
North Citrolina First and Second Battalion 

Rhode I.sland Second Battalion j Liv^ut. Col. B. B. Martin. 

Vermont liattaliou Mai. A. D. Tenney 

Kentucky Third Battalion Brig. Gen. J. P. Nuckols 

Michigan Battalion I i.ol. Israel C. Smith 

Tiital approximate strength, exclusive of 
Ciinnecticut troops 

Total with Connecticut troops 



52 1 

128 



652 

808 

310 
195 



811 
128 
30 

118 



("ol. David E. Austen. . 
Brig. Gen.B.C. Manly. 



1,087 
374 

472 

124 

183 

228 

291 

9,015 
9.477 



Master Masons 706 

Knight.s Templar 277 

983 
(In camp, but not in the review.) 

I have the houor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servutit, 

William P, Cuaighill, 

Livut. Col. of Lnijincvrs, 
Maj. W. G. MlTCHKLL, 

As'iistaut Adjutant-Genei'al United States Army, 

Uovernor's Island, ^'cw York Harbor. 

I desire to express my thanks for most valuable services to ]\Ir. I*]. II. 
Kirliii. Otiiers who ahsisted me very iLiich have been mentioned jne- 
vionsiy. Special surveys of much importance were made by Mr. John 
L. Seager, civil engineer, who has also drawn the ma[)S used in illus- 
trating my report to General ilaucock. 



168 YORKTOWN CELEBRATION. 

I append a summary statement showing the application of all moneys 
received by me from the Commission : 

iStatiDtcnt shou'ing amount received from the Centennial Commission and how di>ibursed in 
"defraying the expenses incurred by the Congressional Committee in the Centennial celebra- 
tion at Yorktown, Fa." by Lieut. Col. fniUam P. Craighill, Corps of Engineers, United 
States Army. 

Amount received from Centennial Commission $6,500 00 

Amount disbursed for: 

Services o laborers, meclianics, overseers, «fcc _ 3,573 26 

Traveling expenses 212 10 

Telegrams 9 31 

Freight and hire of teams 316 25 

Lamps, oil, and lanterns 787 OO 

Decorating La Fayette Hall 150 00 

Piles and pile driving 131 30 

Materials, including lumber, nails, locks, signs, felt, cement, doors, hogs- 
heads, &c 1,112 28 

Wood 195 00 

Table and chairs 13 50 

6, 500 00 

Outstanding liabilities : 

Basshor A: Co. , of Baltimore, Md. , water supply 808 94 

J. H. Wemple, Norfolk, Va., lumber 544 72 

Total 1,353 66 

In conclusion, I wish to return to you, its chairman, and to other mem- 
bers of the Commission with whom I came in contact, and to its oflB cers 
my sincere thanks for the courtesy and consideration shown to me. 
I ha\^e the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

Wm. p. Craighill, 
Lieutenant- Colonel of JEngineers, 

United /States Army. 
Hon. John W. Johnston, 

Chairman Yorktoivn Centennial Commission, 

Washington, D. C. 

In submitting this report it is proper to state that the sum of $20,000, 
originally approi)riated for the ex])enses of the celebration, was dis- 
bursed by the disbursing agent, William S. Gilman, esq., with exact 
fidelity, and his accounts in that capacity have been audited and ap- 
proved by the Treasury Department. 

The many unforeseen expenses attending the celebration in a place 

like Yorktown, remote from the larger cities, and where everything had 

o be furnished at a heavy exj^ense of material, transportation, and 

"or, including wharves to be built and a camp to be laid out and pre- 
^jiired for the comfort of the visitiug military, made it necessary for the 
Commission to incur a deficiency. This deficiency "">" v^,»<»iffv<i tn nnn- 

LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS 





^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



immi' 



'''''''"'''f''ilillll;iii||j 
011800 398 6 



